INDEX. 



485 



Tundri, storms of the Tundras, 172. 



Tung-ower, or hot spring at Reikholt, in Iceland, 



70. 

 Tungusi, the, their relationship to the Mantehou, 



244. 

 , their conquests and final subjugation by the 



Eussians, 244. 



, their intellectual development, 244. 



, their tribes and population, 244. 



, their wretchedness, 244. 



, their manners and customs, 245. 



Tunguska river, gold-fields of the Upper, 214. 

 Turkey-buzzard, the, of Patagonia, 419. 

 Turuchausk, Castren's visits to, 176, 177. 

 Tyndall glacier, enormous size of, 50. 



U. 



Uffliot the Wise, his first code of laws in Iceland, 

 91. 



Unalaschka, climate of, 2G9. 



, vegetation of, 209, 270. 



, people of, 273. 



Union, Cape, Dr. Haj'es's sledge voyage to, 373, 374. 



United States, right of, to fish on the banks of New- 

 foundland. 379. 



Ural Mountains, Castren's passage of the, 174. 



, first discovery of gold in the, 214. 



, quantity of gold found in the, 219. 



Ustsvlmsk, Castren's visit to, and ill-treatment at, 

 173, 174. 



Utzjoki, the pastor of, 169. 



Uusa river, Castren's journey up the, 174. 



Vaage, cod-fishery of, 126. 



, ancient importance of, 126. 



Vancouver's Island, placed under the management 



of the Hudson's Bay Company, 310. 

 Vapor baths of the Cree Indians, 324. 

 Vare, the, of Norway, 124. 

 Vegetation, protection afforded bj' snow to, 19. 

 , distinctive characters of the Arctic forests, 



22-24. 



of the " barren grounds," 18, 21, 22. 



- — -, length of time necessary for the formation of 



even small stems of trees in the Arctic regions, 



25. 



, harmless character of the Arctic plants, 25. 



, no land yet discovered in which it is entirelj' 



subdued by winter, 27. 

 , former, of the northern regions of the globe, 



29. 



of Spitzbergen, 136. 



of Nova Zembla, 152. 



- — of Taimurland, 226. 



• of Kamchatka, 254. 



of the Bay of Awatscha, 256. 



of the Pribilow Islands, 271. 



of Newfoundland, 376. 



■ • of Greenland, 388. 



, absence of, in the Antarctic regions, 391. 



of Port Famine, 410. 



Verchnei Ostrog, in Kamchatka, built, 198. 

 Verazzani, his voyages, 335. 

 Vestfjord, cod-fishery of the, 126. 

 Victoria Land, discovery of, 402. 

 Videv, eider-ducks of, 81, 82. 



Vigr, eider-ducks of, 83. 



, Mr. Shepherd's visit to, 83, 84. 



Vikings, their courage and discoveries, 89. 



Virgins, Cape, 409. 



Vogelsang, deer of, 137. 



Volcanic eruptions in Iceland since its colonization, 

 95. 



Volcanoes giving birth to Iceland, 68. 



, those now existing there, 69. 



, the Esk, on Jan Meyen, 1^6. 



, of Kamchatka, 256. 



— — , eruption of Mount Erebus, 403. 



Vole, field (^Arvicola ceconomus), indigenous to Ice- 

 land, 80. 



Voyageur, the, of North America, 304. 



, his life and character, 304, 305# 



Walrus, or morse (Tricheclms rosmarus), descrip- 

 tion of the, 62-64.' 



, its affectionate temper, 64. 



, its parental love, 64. 



, its chief resorts and food, 64. 



fishing at Spitzbergen, 144. 



hunted on Bear Island, 144. 



of Nova Zembla, 155. 



hunting on tlie coast of Aliaska, 275. 



, pieces of skin of, a medium of exchange, 276. 



, Esquimaux mode of hunting it, 298. 



Washington Land, discover}' of, 369. 



, Dr. Hayes's journey to, 373. 



Wassiljew, his visit to the Lena, 195. 



Waygatz, island of, the sacred island of the Samo:- 

 edes, 180. 



Weasel, the Siberian ( Vii'er7-a Siberica'), the fur of, 

 211. 



Weddell, Captain, his Antarctic voyages, 401. 



Weklen, his visit to Bear Island, 144. 



Wellington Channel, temperature of, 28. 



, discovery of, 345. 



Wenjamin, the Archimandrite, 170. 



Western, Thomas, preaches Christianity to the 

 Lapps, 156. 



Westman Islands, description of the, 114, 



, difficulty of access of the, 114. 



, how they became colonized, 115. 



, Heimaej', or Home Island, 116. 



, food and trade of the people, 117. 



, population and mortality' of the children, 118. 



■ , their sufferings from pirates, 118, 119. 



Weymouth, his voyage to Hudson's Bay, 341. 



Whale, the Greenland (^Balcena mysticetus), or 

 smooth-back, 60. 



— : — off Nova Zembla, 155. 



, the white, or beluga, 61. 



, the "ca'ing," 62. , 



, a stranded, at Spitzbergen, 133. 



, tlie fin-back, 59, 60. 



of Spitzbergen, 137. 



off Nova Zembla, 155. 



, smootli-backcd, of tiie Antarctic seas, 397. 



, sperm, of the Antarctic Ocean, 398. 



Whalers, their dangers, in thi Arctic seas, 48. 



, depressing effect of the sunmier fogs, 54. 



, their operations in the Polar seas, 59. 



, whale chases of the Aleuts, 275. 



■ , whale-hunts of the Esquimaux, 295. 



, abundance of whalesin the Antarctic seas, 397. 



, battle between a whale Snd a grampus, 398. 



