CONTENTS. ix 



logical Observations of Ziwolka. — The cold Summer of Nova Zembla. — A'on Baor's scientific Voyage 

 to Nova Zembla. — His Adventures in Matosclikin Scliar. — Storn) in Kostin Scliar. — Sea Bath and 

 votive Cross. — Botanical Obseivations. — A natural Garden.— Solitude and Silence. — A Bird Ba- 

 zar. — Hunting Expeditions of the Russians to Nova Zembla Page 147 



CHAPTER Xll. 



THE LAPPS. 



riieir ancient History and Conversion to Christianity. — Self-denial and Poverty of the Lapland Clergy. 



Their singular Mode of Preaching. — Gross Superstition of the Lapps. — The Evil Spirit of the 



Woods. — The Lapland Witches. — Physical Constitution of the Lapps. — Their Dress. — The Fj lUlap- 

 pais. — Their Dwellings. — Store-houses. — Reindeer Pens. — Milking the Reindeer. — Migration. — 

 The Liipland Dog. — Skiders, or Skates. — The Sledge, or Pulka. — Natural Beauties of Lapland. — 

 Attachment of the Lapps to their Country. — Bear-lmnting. — Wolf-hunting. — Mode of Living of the 

 wealthy Lapps.— How they kill the Reindeer. — Visiting the Fair. — Mannnon Worship.— Treasure- 

 hiding.— " Tabak, or Braende." — Affectionate Disposition of the Lapps.— The Skogslapp.— The 

 Fisherlapp '■-. 15(3 



CHAPTER XII r. 



MATTHIAS ALEXANDER GASTRIN. 



His Birthplace and first Studies.— Journey in Lapland, 1838.— The Iwalojoki.— The Lake of Enara.— 

 The Pastor of Utzjoki. — From Rowaniemi to Kemi. — Second Voyage, 1841-44. — Storm on the 

 White Sea. — Return to Archangel. — The Tundras of the European Samoiedes. — Mesen. — Universal 

 Drunkenness.— Sledge Journey to Pustosersk. — A Samoiede Teacher. — Tundra Storms. — Abandon- 

 ed and alone in the Wilderness. -r-Pustosersk. — Our Traveller's Persecutions at Ustsjdmsk and Ish- 

 emsk.— The Uusa. — Crossing the Ural.— Obdorsk.— Second Siberian Journey, 1845—18. — Overflow- 

 ing of the Obi. — Surgut. — Krasnojai»sk. — Agreeable Surprise. — Turuchansk. — Voyage down the 

 Jenissei.— Castren's Study at Plachina. — From Dudinka to Tolstoi Noss. — Frozen Feet. — Return 

 Voyage to the South. — Frozen fast on' the Jenissei. — Wonderful Preservation.— Journey across the 

 Ciiinese Frontiers, and to Transbaikalia. — Return to Finland. — Professorship at Ilelsingfors. — Death 

 of Castren, 1855. 168 



CHAPTER XIV. 



THE S A BI O 1 E D E S . 



Their Barbarism. — Num, or Jilibeambaertje. — Shamanism. — Samo'ede Idols. — Sjadaji.— ITahe. — The Ta- 

 debtsios, or Spirits. — The Tadibes, or Sorcerers. — Their Dress. — Their Invocations. — Their conjuring 

 Tricks. — Reverence paid to the Dead. — A Samoiede Oath. — Appearance of tlie Samoiedes. — Their 

 Dross. — A Samoiede Belle. — Chai-acter of the Samoiedes. — Their decreasing Numbers. — Traditions of 

 ancient Heroes 1~9 



CHAPTER XV. 



THE O S T I A K S . 



What is the Obi ?— Inundations.— An Osfiak summer Yourt.— Poverty of the Ostiak Fishermen.— .\ 

 winter Yourt. — Attachment of the Ostiaks to their ancient Customs. — An Ostiak Prince. — Archery. 

 — Appearance and Character of the Ostiaks. — The Fair of Obdorsk 185 



CHAPTER XVI. 



CONQUEST OF SIBERIA BY THE RUSSIANS— THEIR VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY ALONG THE SHORES OF THE 



POLAR SEA. 



tvan the Terrible. — Strogonoff. — Yermak, the Robber and Conqueror. — His Expeditions to Siberia.— 

 Battle of Tobolsk— Yermak's Death.— Progress of the Russians to Ochotsk.— Semen Deslinew.— 

 Condition of the Siberian Natives under the Russian Yoke. — Voyages of Discovery in the Reign of 

 the Empress Anna. — Prontschischtschew. — Chariton and Demetrius Laptew. — An Arctic Heroine. 

 — Schalaurow. — Discoveries in the Sea of Bering and in the Pacific Ocean. — The Liichow Islands. — 

 Fossil Ivory.— New Siberia.— The wooden Mountains.— The past Ages of Siberia 191 



