CONQUEST OF SIBERIA BY THE RUSSIANS. 201 



Fourteen years later, Schalaurow, a merchant of Jakutsk, who sailed from 

 the Jana in a vessel built at his own expense, at length succeeded in doubling 

 the Baranow Rock, and proceeded eastward as far as Cape Schelagskoi, which 

 prevented his farther progress. After twice wintering on the dreary Kolyma, 

 he resolved, with admirable perseverance, to make a third attempt, but his crew 

 would no longer follow him. From a second sea-journey, which he undertook 

 in 1764 to that cape, he did not return. " His unfortunate death is the more to 

 be lamented," says.Wrangell, "as he sacrificed his property and life to a disin- 

 terested aim, and united intelligence and energy in a remarkable degree." On 

 his map, the whole coast from the Jana to Cape Schelagskoi is marked, Avith 

 an accuracy which does him the greatest honor. In 1785 Billings and Sa- 

 rytchew were equally unsuccessful in the endeavor to sail round the cape 

 which had defeated all Schalaurow's endeavors ; nor has the voyage been ac- 

 complished to tli|j present day. 



As the sable had gradually led the Russian fur-hunters to Kamchatka, so 

 the still more valuable sea-otter gave the chief impulse to the discovery of 

 the Aleutic chain and the opposite con- 

 tinent of America. When Atlassow _>. -^^^^ 

 and his band arrived at Kamchatka by - ^«=^^ 

 the end of the seventeenth century, ^^^' 

 they found the sea-otter abounding on 

 its coasts ; but the fur-hunters chased 

 it so eagerly that, before the middle of 

 the eighteenth century, they had entire- 

 ly extirpated it in that country. On 

 Bering's second voyage of discovery 

 (1741-42), it was again found in con- 

 siderable numbers. Tschirigowis said ^, ,, i,- , .. , , ^ _,. , .,,,^^«^ 

 to have brought back 900 skins, and ^^^-^^j^^^^^^^^f^^i^gst 

 on Bering's Island 700 sea -otters — 



^ _ _ KAMCHATKA SABLES. 



whose skins, according to present pri- 

 ces, would be worth about £20,000 — were killed almost without trouble. These 

 facts, of course, encouraged the merchants of Jakutsk and Irkutsk to undertake 

 new expeditions. 



Generally, several of them formed an association, which fitted out some 

 hardly seaworthy vessel at Ochotsk, where also the captain and the crew, con- 

 sisting of fur-hunters and other adventurers, Avere hired. The expenses of such 

 an expedition amounted to the considerable sum of aflbout 30,000 roubles, as 

 pack-horses had to transport a great part of the necessary outfit all the dis- 

 tance from Jakutsk, and the vessel generally remained four or five years on the 

 voyage. Passing through one of the Kurile Straits, these expeditions sailed at 

 first along the east coast of Kamchatka, bartering sables and sea-otters for rein- 

 deer skins and other articles ; and as the precious furs became more rare, ven- 

 tured out farther into the Eastern Ocean. Thus Michael Nowodsikoff discovered 

 the Western Aleuts in 1745 ; Paikoff the Fox Islands in 1759 ; Adrian Tolstych 

 almost all the islands of the central group, which still bear his name, in 1700; 



