INDEX. 



7;i9 



Birds of the coasts of the Antarctic sea, 394. 



of Patagonia, 419. 



Biikarls. their final subjugation of the Lapps, 156. 



Biscoe, his discovery of Enderby Land, and of Gra- 

 ham Land, 401. 



Black death, ravages of the, in tlie North, 383. 



Blackfeet Indians, their wars with the Tinue and 

 Crees, 319, 320. 



Bloody Falls, on the Coppermine river, 294. 



Boats of the Esquimaux, 293. 



, the birch-bark canoes of North America, 304. 



Boglierries of the Arctic regions, 24. 



Booth, Sir Felix, his Arctic expedition, 251. 



Bougainville, his voj'age through the Strait of Ma- 

 gellan, 414- 



Brandt, the Danish forester, his journev with Von 

 Middendorff, 220. 



Brandy, fondness of the Samoiedes for, 171-173. 



drank at Kolyuisk, 238. 



Brant Ysbrantzoun, his voyages of discovery, 339. 



Bread of the poor Icelanders, 79. 



Bredal, Eric, his education of Lapps in Christianity, 

 156. 



Bridges, swing, of Iceland, 111. 



Browne, T. Ross, 74, 95, 104, 115. 



Buchan, Captain, his Arctic voyage, 344. 



Bunting, its migrations to and from the north, 43. 



, the Lapland {Centrophams Lapponicus), lati- 

 tudes inhabited by the, 43, 44. 



Bunting, the snow, the polar singing-bird, 44. 



Bunting, its nest and food, 44. 



of Iceland, 81. 



of Spitzbergen, 137. 



Burglars, treatment of, in Eussia, 206. 



Burrough, Stephen, his voyage to discover the 

 north-eastern passage, 336. 



Busa, Jelissei, his ascent of the rivers Lena and 

 Olekma, 195. 



, his discovery of the Tana, 195. 



, his residence among the Jukahirs, 195. 



Butter made from the reindeer milk, 36. 



Butterflies in Taimurland, 227. 



Byron, Commodore, his voyage through the Strait 

 of Magellan, 414. 



C, 



Cabot, John and Sebastian, their re-discovery of 

 parts of North America, 335. 



, their re-discovery of Newfoundland, 379. 



Canada, enterprise of the French settlers in, 306. 



, results of the English conquest of, 306, 



, history of the fur-trade of, 307. 



Cano, Sebastian el, his voyage round the globe, 413. 



Canoes, birch-bark, of North America, .304, 305. 



Cape, North, description of the, 129, 130. 



Caribou, or reindeer of North America, range of 

 the, 36. 



Carrancha, the, of Patagonia, 419, 420. • 



Cartier, Jacques, his voyages, 335. 



Caryophylhe, the, of the treeless zone, 21. 



Cascades of (c.dand, 78. 



Castor and Pollux river, discovery of, 356. 



Castren, Matthias Alexander, account of him and 

 of his journey.'^, 168-178. 



Catherine's Foreland, Queen, 409. 



Cattle, value of, to the Icelands, 80. 



Cavendish, his voyages, 414. 



Chancellor, his discovervof the passage from Eng- 

 land to the White Sea, 192. 



Chancellor, his voyage to discover the north-eastern 

 route to China, 336. ' 



, his visit to Moscow, and sul)8eqnont fate, 33G. 



Charles IX., King of Sweden, his kindness to the 

 Lapps, 15G. 



Chatanga river, scanty population of the, 220. 



, Middendorfi's journey to tiie, 220, 221. 



Chatangsk, JliddendorlTs journey to, 221. 



Cheese made from reindeer milk, 36. 



Cherie Island, account of, 144. 



Chess-players of the Tungusi, 246. 



Chickweed, the, on the Mary Miiitum river, 20. 



Chimengo, the, of Patagonia, 419. 



China, Castrun's journey over the mountains into, 

 177. 



Chinese take the Russian fort of Alljasin, 195 ; and 

 make the treaty of Nertschinsk with the Rus- 

 sians, 196. 



, the treat}' broken by the Russians, who com- 

 pel the Chinese to give them (he Amoor, 196. 



Chinga {MtpkiUs chinr/d'), its foetid secretion, 316. 



Christian IV., King of Denmark, his treatment of 

 the Lapp jiriests and sorcerers, 156. 



, his expedition to Greenland, 383. 



Christianity, introduction of, into Iceland, 92. 



Churches of the Icelanders, 104. 



Clavering, his voyage to Greenland, 386. 



Clergy of the Lapps, their povertv and self-denial, 

 157. 



, their sermons, 157. 



, those of Iceland all blacksmitiis, 101, note, 106. 



, their poverty, 106. 



Coal, does not exist in Iceland, 88. 



of Spitzbergen, 137. 



in Coal Bay, 145. 



Coal Bay, 145. ' 



Cochlearia fencstrata, the onlv esculent plant in 

 Spitzbergen, 136, 142. 



Cod and cod- fishing of the coast of Iceland, Sd. 87. 



, the, called stockfish, 87. 



, the cod-tishery of Norway, 125-l;!0. 



, wretched state of the fishermen, 127. 



, exports of. to various countries, 129. 



, cod-fishery of Grc enland, 38S. 



, value of the cod-fisherv of Newfoundland, 



379, 380. 



, mode of fishing and curing tiie cod, 380. 



, dangers of the fishery. 3>!1. 



, immense numbers of, 381. 



Cod-liver oil of TromsO, 128. 



Collinson, Captain, his search for Franklin, ."59, 

 .361. 



Commodore IsLinds, chase of the sea-bear on tlie, 

 274. 



Condor, the, of Patagonia, 420. 



Conifene, Arctic forests almost confined to the, 2t. 



■, difference between the European and .Vsiatic 



and American species, 24. 



Constitution, Capo, discovery of, 369. 



Cook, his attempt to discover the northwest pas- 

 sage, 344. 



Cook, Captain, his discovery of South Georgia, 393. 



, his Antarctic voyages, 401. 



Copper mines near Drontheim, 124. 



of Alten, 128. 



of Raipass, 128. 



Coppermine river. Dr. Richardson's voyage to the, 

 349. 



Cornelius Ryp, his voyages of di.«covery, ."WO, .HI. 



Cornelius Corneli.szoon, his voyages of discovery, 

 839. 



