INDEX. 



11 



Elk, its mode of defending itself, 40. 



Enara, Lake of, the Fisher Lapps of, 166. 



, description of the, 169. 



Enderby Land, discovery of, 401. 



English pirates, ravages of, in Iceland, 95. 



Erelms, mount, eruption of, 403. 



Eric the Red, his visit to Greenland, 382. 



Ermine {Mustebi erminea) beauty and importance 

 of the fur of the, 210. 



, those of the Hudson's Bay Territory, 316. 



Esk, volcano, 146. 



Esquimaux (see also Innuits), their wide extension, 

 290. 



, their own name of Innuit, 290. 



. -, character of the regions they inhabit, 290. 



, their physical character, habits, and man- 

 ners, 290, 29i. 



women, 291. 



, their dress and snow-huts, 291, 292. 



, their boat, the kayak or baidar, 293. 



, their weapons, and fishing and hunting im- 

 plements, 293, 294. 



, enmity between them and the Red Indians, 



294. 



, their chase of the reindeer, and bird-catching, 



295. 



, their whale and seal hunts, 295, 296. 



; their " keep kuttuk," 296. 



, their bear and walrus hunts, 296, 298. 



-, their dogs and dog-sledges, 299. 



■ , their games and sports, 300. 



■ , constitution of their society, 300. 



— ■■ — , their angekoks, or priests, 300, 301. 



, their moral character, self-reliance, and in- 

 telligence, 801, 302. 



-, their maps, and predilection for commercial 



pursuits, 302. | 



, their voracity, and seasons of abundance and ; 



distress, 302, 303. j 



, their depots of food, 302, 303. 



, their wars with the Kutchin Indians, 333. 



, their attack of Franklin's boats, 349. 



■ , their hunting expeditions with Dr. Kane's 



party, 370. 



• — — , their ravages on the Greenland coast, 383. 



Europe, treeless zone of, 18-24. 



Evil Spirit of the woods of the Laplanders, 157. 



Exiles, Siberian, 204, 205. 



, annual number of, 206. 



Eyjafialla, eruption of, in 1821, 96. 



Evstein, King, his benevolence, 126. 



F. 



Faeroe Tsr.ANDS, chase of the black dolphin, or 

 " ca'ing" whale, in the, 61. 



Falkland' Islands, climate of, 394. 



Famine, Port, rich vegetation of, 410, 414. 



Festuca of the Arctic regions, 20. 



Finback whales of Spitzl>ergen, 137. 



Finches in the Tundra in summer, 19. 



Finmark, trade and fisheries of the coast of, 129. 



Finnur Johnson, the Icelander, his " Ecclesiastical 

 History of Iceland," 98. 



Fir, different species of, in Europe, Asia, and Amer- 

 ica, 24. 



Fish, and fi.shing season of Iceland, 86. 



, abundance of, in Kamchatka, 255. 



of Newfoundland, 379. 



of Greenland, 387. 



I'"ish river. Great, Back's discovery of, 355. 



Fisher Lapps, account of the, 160. 



Fiskernasset, cod-lishery of, 388. 



Fitzroy, Cnptain, his surveys of Patagonia and 

 Tierra del Fuego, 415. 



Fjiill Lappars, or Mountain Lapps, account of the, 

 159. 



Flatey, eider-ducks of, 81, 82. 



Flat-fish, almndance of, on the coasts of Iceland, 87. 



Floki, the Viking, his visit to Iceland, 90. 



Flora.of Spitzbergen, 136. 



Flowers of the Arctic regions, 20. 



of tiie island of St. Lawrence, 271. 



of Tainiurland, 226. 



of Unalasciika, 269. 



Fogs of the Arctic .seas in sunmier, 51. 



near the island of St. Lawrence, 270. 



off Newfoundland, l!80. 



Food, amount of, required by man in the Arctic re- 

 gions, 28. 



Forest regions, Arctic, 18. 



, extent of the, 22. 



, character of the trees of the, 24. 



, distinctive character of the forests, 25. 



, characters of the Arctic forests of tlie Miocene 



period, 28, 29. 



, legions of gnats in the, 25. 



, changes being effected by the agencv of man, 



25. 



Forests, the, head-quarters of many of the Arctic 

 fauna, 41. 



■ — ~, more in than aiotethe earth iiiNovaZembla, 

 153. 



of Newfoundland, .376. 



Forget-me-not found in Nova Zembla, 153. 



Forster, Captain, his expedition to the Antarctic 

 sea, 393. 



Fossils, Arctic, in New Siberia, 203. 



Foulke, Port, Dr. Hayes's winter at, 372. 



Fox, the Arctic {CanL^ larjojnts), its mode of protect- 

 ing itself from the most intense cold. 42. 



Fox, the Arctic, its food and enemies, 42. 



of Spitzbergen, 137. 



in Nova Zembla, 154. 



found in Taimurland, 227. 



of Newfoundland, 378. 



, black, of Siberia, value of the fur of the. 211. 



, the Brazilian (Canw Azara), of Patagonia, 



419. 



, red {rulpesfulnis), the, 211, 317. 



•, value of the fur of the, 317. 



Fox Islands, discovery of the, 201. 



France, right of the people of, to fish on the Itanks 

 of Newfoundland, 379. 



Franklin, Lieut, (afterwards Sir John), his first 

 Arctic voyage, 344. 



, his first land journey, 346. 



. his second land journey to the shores of tiie 



Polar sea, 349. 



, loss of his first wife, 350. 



, his last voyage, 356. 



, searching expeditions sent for him, 3.56. 



, his fate and that of his companions, 362-364. 



Franklin Island, discovery of, 40.3. 



Eraser river, voyage of Mackenzie down tlic. .308. 



Frederick II., King of Denmark, his expedition to 

 Greenland, .383. 



Frederick IV., his foundation of the Finmark mis- 

 sion, 156. 



Friedrich. the Saxon bishop, introduces Christiuni- 

 tv into Iceland, 92. 



