748 



INDEX. 



North Pole, opinions of other scientific authorities 



as to the best way to reacli, 374. 

 North-west passage to India, attempts to discover 



the, 342, 343. 



• , M'Clure's discovery of the, 3G0. 



• Company of Canada, formation and trade of 



the, 307. 

 ' , its wars with the Hudson's Baj- Company, 



and final amalgamation, 808-310. 

 Northumberland Sound, temperature of, 28. 

 Notothenia, the, of the Antarctic seas, 400. 

 Norway, the lemming of the Dovrefjeld, in, 42. 

 , an absolute monarchy e>tablished by Harold 



Haarfager in, 90. 



, causes of the mild climate of the coast of, 121. 



, condition of the soil, and of the cultivators 



of it, 121-123. 

 , constitution of, and education of the people, 



121. 



, population of, 121. 



, coast scenery of, 123. 



■ -, Drontheim and its industry, 124. 



, birds of the coast of, 124, 125. 



' , the herring and cod fisheries of, 125-128. 



Nova Zembla, iavestigations of the shores of, 147. 



, circumnavigated by Pachtussow, 147, 148. 



■ , meteorological observations of Ziwollia, 150. 



• , the climate of, 151. 



• , Von Baer's scientific joiirne}', 151. 



• , scientific results of his journey, 152, 153. 



, vegetation of, 153. 



• , solitude and silence of, 154. 



, rarity of insects in, 154. 



• — — , lemmini^'s and foxes of, 154. 



, birds of, 154. 



■ , ottier animals of, 154, 155. 



■ , wintering of the Dutch under Barentz at, 340. 



Novgorod, the Great, subdued by the Czar Ivan I., 



191. 

 Nowodsikoff, Michael, his discoveries, 201. 

 Nudibranchiata, enormous numbers of, in the Polar 



seas, 59. 

 Nullipores on the coast of Greenland. 59. 

 Nun, or Jiliheambaertje, the Supreme Being of the 



Samoiedes, 179. 



O. 



Obdorsk, Castren's visit to, 174. 



, description of the town, 188. 



, the fair at, 189. 



Obi river, importance of, 17. 



, barren grounds near the, 22. 



, its importance to the Ostiaks, 185. 



, Castren's journey to the, 174. 



• , misery caused by the overfiow of the, 175. 



, inhabitants of the banks of the, 175. 



Ochota river, the, 246. 



Ochotsk, sea of, reached by a partv of Cossacks 

 195. 



, description of the town, 246. 



Olaf Truggeson, King of Norway, sends a mission- 

 ary to Iceland, 93, 94. 



Olginsk, gold mine of, 218. 



Olonez, number of bears killed for their skins everv 

 year in, 212. 



Ommaney, Captain, his search for Franklin, 357. 



, his discovery of Franklin's first winter-quar- 

 ters, 357. 



Onkilon, or sedentary Tchuktchi, 267. 



, their mode of life, 267. 



Oraefa Jokul, height of, 69. 



, eruptions of, since the colonization of Iceland, 



95. 

 Orange Island, visited by Barentz, 339. 

 Ore. See Grampus. 

 Osborne, Captain Sherard, his opinion as to the 



method of reaching the North Pole, 374. 

 Ostiaks, their fishing-grounds on the Obi, 175. 



, their summer huts and mode of life, 185, 186. 



, th.ir poverty, 186. 



, their winter huts, 186. 



, their attachment to their ancient customs. 



186, 187. 



, their clans, and princes, or chieftains, 187. 



, their excellence as archers, 187. 



, their personal appearance, and customs, 188. 



, annual tribute levied by Yermak, the robber, 



on them, 194. 

 , confirmed b}- the Czar in the possession of 



their lands, 199" 

 Ostrich, Darwin's, of Patagonia, 420. 

 Ostrownoje, town and fair of, 263-265. 

 Otter, the sea-, or kalan (^Enliydris lutris), value of 



the fur of the, 211,212. 



, description of, 211. 



, chase of the, in Kamchatka, 258. 



liunting of the Aleuts, 273. 



Otter, the fish- (Lutra Canadensis), 317. 



, fur of the, 317. 



Owl, its favorite food, 43. 



, its winter in the highest latitudes, 43. 



Ox, the, in Iceland, 80. 



Oyster, most northerly limit where found, 126. 



P.\CHTrssow, his circumnavigation of the southern 

 island of Nova Zembla, 148. 



, his second voyage and death, 149, 150. 



Pack-ice, 46. 



, its tendency to separate in calm weather, 54. 



Paikoft" his discovery of the Fox Islands, 201. 



Parrots of Patagonia, 420. 



Parry, Lieut. W. E. (afterwards Admiral Sir), his 

 Arctic voyages, 344. 



, his second voj'age, 348. 



, liis third voyage, 349. 



, abandonment of the " Fury," 349. 



, his boat and sledge journev towards the Pole, 



350. 



, his subsequent career, 351. 



Parrj', Mount, discover^' of, 369. 



, Dr. Hayes's journey to, 373, 374. 



, Mountains, discovery of the, 403. 



P sina river, scanty population of the, 220. 



Patagonia, Caprain Fitzroy's survey of, 415. 



, the people of, 417, 420. 



, dift'erence of climate between the east and 



west, 417. 



, aridity of the east of, 417, 418. 



, large rivers of, 418. 



, animals of, 418, 419. 



, introduction of the horse, 424. 



, fashions of the Patagonians, 421. 



, their religious ideas, 421. 



, their superstitions and astronomical knowl- 

 edge, 422. 



, their division into tribes, 422. 



, their huts, 422. 



, their trading routes, 423. 



