750 



INDEX. 



Eoss, Sir John, his second journey, 351. 



, his five years in the Arctic Ocean, 351-354. 



, his return home and honors, 354. 



, Sir James, his Arctic voyages, 351. 



, his search for Franlilin, 357. 



, his discoveries in the Antarctic Ocean, 402. 



, collision between his ships, the "Erebus" 



and " Terror," 405, 406. 



, his danger between two icebergs, 406. 



Kum, effects of, on an Iceland clerg^'iniin, 101. 

 Eupert's Land, held by the Hudson's Bay Company, 



310. 

 Eussia, character of the coniferae of, 23, 24. 

 , the elk of the woods of the northern parts of, 



40. 

 , conquest of. by the Tartars under Baaty 



Khan, 191. 

 , liberated from the Tartar yoke by Ivan I., 



191. 



, advances of, in Siberia, 195. 



■ , annexes the country of the Amoor, 196. 



, condition of the natives under the yoke of, 



197, 198. 



■ , exiles from, to Siberia, 204-206. 



• , value of the skins annually imported by, 212, 



213. 



, life and dwellings in Nishne-Kolymsk, 236. 



, first treaty of commerce between England 



and, 336. 

 . , Company, patent granted to the, to fish off 



Greenland, l.'i8. 

 Eussian Fur Company, account of the, and its trade, 



272. 



Sabine, Mount, discovery of, 402. 



Sable, value of the, to the Cossack conquerors of 



Siberia, 195. 



, importance and beauty of the fur of the, 209. 



, hunting, 210. 



Sabrina Land, discovery of, 401, 402. 



Sagiimen, or historians, of Iceland, 94. 



Sajan Mountains, Castren's journej- over the, 177. 



Salmon, Alpine (^Salmo al/)inus), immense numbers 



of, in Nova Zemlila, 155. 

 Salmon, shoals of, in the rivers of the Arctic regions, 



19. 



, abundance of, in Iceland, 87. 



, of the Ssa of Ochotsk, 246, 247. 



, abundance of, in Kamchatka, 255. 



Samoiedes, European, Castren's journey among the, 



170. 



, their drunkenness, 171. 



, tlieir impatience of confinement, 171-173. 



, their barbarism, 179. 



. their Supreme Being, Num, or Jilibeamhaert- 



je, 179. 



, their recourse to incantations, 180. 



, their idols, 180, 181. 



, their reverence paid to the dead. 181. 



, their mode of taking an oath, 182. 



, their personal appearance and habits, 182. 



, their wealth in reindeer, 183, 184. 



■ , their entire number in Europe and Asia, 184. 



, their traditions of ancient heroes, 184. 



, confirmed by the Czar in their possessions, 



199. 

 , the companions of Yon Middendorff on his 



journey, 221, 225. 

 S:imund Erode, his Icelandic works, 94. 



Sand-bee (Andrena) of Nova Zembla, 154. 



Sand-reed bread used in Iceland, 79. 



Sarmiento, Pedro, his voyage, 414. 



Sawina river, 148. 



Saxifragas, the, of the treeless zone, 20. 



Scalds, or bards, of Iceland, 94. 



Scandinavia, character of the conifersE of, 22. 



Schalaurow, his journeys on the coast of Siberia, 

 201. 



Scharostin, his residence at Spitzbergen, 142. 



Schelagskoi, Cape, rounded bj^ Count Michael Stad- 

 uchin, 197. 



, reached by Schalaurow, 201. 



Scoresb}', Dr., his visit to Spitzbergen, 132. 



, Captain, his near approach to the North Pole, 



344. 



, his voyage to Greenland, 385, 386. 



Scotia, Nova, discovered and colonized by Green- 

 landers, 335. 



Scurvy in Spitzbergen, 140-142. 



, preservative against, 141. 



• , Lapp mode of preventing the, 166. 



Sea, influence of the, on the severity of the Arctic 

 winter, 27. 



Sea, Antarctic, compared with the Arctic regions, 

 391. 



• , absence of vegetation in the, 391. 



, causes of the inferiority of the Antarctic cli- 



' mate, 391, 392. 



, immensitj' of the icebergs of the, 392. 



, the Peruvian current, 394. 



, birds of the coasts, 394. 



■ , cetaceans, 397-399. 



, Austral fishes, 400. 



, voyages of dij^coverj', 401. 



■, storms and pack-ice, 404 ct seq. 



Seas, Arctic, dangers peculiar to the, 45. 



■ , floating masses of ice, 45, 46. 



• , ice-blink, 54. 



, summer logs, 54. 



, clearness of the atmosphere and apparent near- 

 ness of objects, 55. 



■ , phenomena of reflection and refraction of the 



atmosphere, 55. 



, causes which pi-event the accumulation of 



Polar ice, 55-57. 



, the animals cfthe, 40, 43, 44, 59. 



, Russian discoveries off the Siberian coast, 201 



et seq. 



, Von Middcndorff's journe}- down the Taimur 



river to the Polar sea, 221. 



, Wrangell's nights on the Polar sea, 2.39. 



, his observations on the Polar sea, 240. 



, Matiuschkin's sledge journey, 241. 



, voyages of the English and Dutch, 335 et 



seq. 



Sea-bear of Bering's sea, 62. 



Sea-eagles of the coast of Norway, 125. 



Sea-elephant of the Antarctic Ocean, 398, 399. 



Sea-gulls of the coast of Norway, 124, 125. 



Sea-lion of Bering sea, 62. 



. of the Pribilow Islands, 271. 



Seal-fishing at Spitzbergen, 142. 



of Nova Zembla, 155. 



hunts of the Esquimaux, 295, 296. 



■ catching at Newfoundland, 381. 



hunting on the coasts of Greenland, 384, 446. 



Seals, the, of the Polar seas, 62. 



, their uses to man, 62, 446. 



, the Antarctic, 399, 400. 



, their igloos, 449. 



