INDEX. 



753 



Tundri, storms of the Tundras, 172. 



Tuiig-ower, or hot spring at Ruikholt, in Iceland, 



70. 

 Tungusi, the, their relationship to the Mantchou, 



244. 

 , their conquests and final subjugation by the 



Russians, 244. 



-, tbeir intellectual development, 244. 



, their tribes and population, 244. 



, their wretchedness, 244. 



, their manners and customs, 245. 



Tunguska river, gold-fields of the Upper, 214. 

 Turkey-buzzard, the, of Patagonin, 419. 

 Turuchansk, Castren's visits to, 17(), 177. 

 Tyndall glacier, enormous size of, 50. 



U. 



Ui FLiOT the Wise, his first code of laws in Iceland, 

 01. 



Unalaschka, climate of, 269. 



— , vegetation of. 269, 270. 



, people of, 273. 



Union, Cape, Dr. Hayes's sledge voyage to, 373, 374. 



United States, right of, to fish on the banks of New- 

 foundland, 379. 



Ural Mountains, Castren's passage of the, 174. 



, first discovery of gold in the, 214. 



, quantity of gold found in the, 219. 



Ustsvlmsk, Castren's visit to, and ill-treatment at, 

 173, 174. 



Utzjoki, the pastor of, 169. 



Uusa river, Castren's journey up the, 174. 



Vaage, cod-fishery of, 126. 



, ancient importance of, 126. 



Vancouver's Island, placed under the management 



of the Hudson's Bay Company, 310. 

 Vapor baths of the Cree Indians, 324. 

 Vare. the, of Norway, 124. 

 Vegetation, protection afforded bj' snow to, 19. 

 , distinctive characters of the Arctic forests, 



22-24. 



of the " barren grounds," 18, 21, 22. 



, length of time necessary for the formation of 



even small stems of trees in the Arctic regions, 



25. 



, harmless character of the Arctic plants, 25. 



• , no land yet discovered in which it is entirely 



subdued by winter, 27. 

 , former, of the northern regions of the globe, 



29. 



of Spitzbergen, 136. 



of Nova Zembla, 152. 



of Taimurland, 226. 



of Kamchatka, 254. 



of the Bay of Awatscha, 256. 



of the Pribilow Islands, 271. 



of Newfoundland, 376. 



• of Greenland, 388. 



, absence of, in the Antarctic regions, 391. 



of Port Famine, 410. 



Vevchnei Ostrog, in Kamchatka, built, 198. 

 Verazzani, his voyages, 335. 

 Vestfjord, cod-fishery of the, 126. 

 Victoria Land, discovery of, 402. 

 Videv, eider-ducks of, 81, 82. 

 48 



I Vigr, eider-ducks of, 83. 



, Mr. Siieplierd's visit to, 83, 84. 



A'ikings, tlieir courage and discoveries, 89. 



Virgins, Cape, 409. 



Vogelsang, deer of, 137. 



VoUanic eruptions in Iceland since its colonization. 

 95. 



Volcanoes giving birlh to Iceland, 68. 



, those now existing tliore, 09. 



, the Esk, on Jan I^Icycn, 140. 



, of Kamchatka, 250." 



, eruption of Mount Erebus, 403. 



Vole, field {Arvicola aconomus), indigenous to Ice- 

 land, 80. 



Voyageur, the, of Nortli America, 304. 



, his life and character, 304, 305. 



W. 



\\"alrus, or morse {Trkhechus rosmums), descrij)- 

 I tion of the, 02-64. 

 I , its aflectionate temper, 01. 



, its parental love, 04. 



, its chief resorts and food, 01. 



; fishing at Spitzbergen, 144. 



hunted on Bear Island, 144. 



of Nova Zembla, 155. 



I hunting on tlie coast of Aliaska, 275. 



, pieces of skin of, a medium of exchange, 276. 



, Esquimaux mode of hunting it, 29H. 



Washington Land, discovery of, 309. 



-, Dr. Hayes's journey to, 373. 



Wassiljew, his visit to the Lena, 195. 



VVaygatz, island of, the sacred island of tlic Samoi- 

 edes, 180. 



Weasel, the Siberian (^Vivrrra Sibn-icn'), the fur of, 

 211. 



Weddell, Captain, his Antaixtic voyages, 401. 



Welden, liis visit to Bear Island. 144. 



Wellington Channel, temperature of, 28. 



, discovery of, .345. 



Wenjamin, tlie .Archimandrite. 170. 



Western, Thomas, preaches Christian it)- to the 

 Lapps, 150. 



Westman Islands, description of the, 114. 



, difliculty of access of tlie, 114. 



, how tlic}' became colonized. 115. 



, Ilcimacy, or Home Island. 11(). 



, food and trade of the people, 117. 



j , population and mortality of the children, 118. 



' , their sutVerings from pirates, lis. 119. 



Weymouth, his voyage to Hudson's Bjiy. 341. 



Whale, tlic (irecnland {Balawt tnt/slicUiis), or 

 smooth-back, 00. 



ofi" Nova Zembla, 155. 



, the white, or beluga, 01. 



, the "ca'ing," 02. 



, a stranded, at Spitzbergen, 133. 



, tiie fin-back, 59, 0(1. 



of Spitzl)ergen, 137. 



off Nova Zembla, 155. 



, smooth-backed, of the Antarctic seas, 397. 



, sperm, of the .Antarctic Ocean, 39H. 



Whalers, their dangers, in th ■ .Arctic soa.«, 48. 



, depressing eflect of titc summer fogs, 54. 



, tlieir operations in tlio Polar .<ens, 59. 



, whale chases of tlie .Aleuts, 275. 



, whale-hunts of the E.>=quimaux. 205 



, abundance afwiialcsin the Antarctic sons, 307. 



, battle between a whale and a grampus, 39<*. 



