40 PHYSICAL EXPRESSION. 



upon the stage, desiring to represent the emotion 

 anger, imitates, according to his art, the gestures of 

 a man angry in earnest his features are distorted, 

 he makes movements as if he would combat his 

 adversary, etc. These are the actor's imitative 

 expressions of anger. A child, when angry, stamps, 

 gesticulates with his arms, and cries, these are real 

 objective expressions of his anger; so also is sorrow 

 expressed by the downward drawing of the angles 

 of the mouth. In chaps, viii. and ix. many 

 examples are given of expression of the emotions by 

 movements as objective signs. The voice, its tone, 

 and its rapidity, are highly expressive of emotions ; 

 the voice is the result of nerve-muscular action. A 

 stooping attitude and spiritless gait indicate that 

 a man is tired or dejected, as compared with his 

 postures when refreshed and energetic. The head 

 is drooped as an accompaniment of shame; it is 

 held erect and firm when defiance is expressed. 



Physical conditions termed " trophic changes " are 

 often very characteristic and expressive of develop- 

 ment, and of nutrition, in the subject. As pre- 

 viously explained (see p. 33), by the term "trophic" 

 action, or change, it is intended to indicate some 

 change in the material structure of the subject, the 

 histological or structural change being itself the 

 expression of what has taken place. Taking one 

 example outside the proper subject of this chapter, 

 the case may be cited of the so-called growth and 

 repair of crystals.* " If a portion of a crystal be 



See Sir J. Paget's paper, " An Address on Elemental Pathology," 

 British Medical Journal, October 16, 1880. 



