54 PHYSICAL EXPKESSION. 



noticeable than the movement itself. In describing- 

 tile expression of anger we speak more commonly 

 of showing the teeth than of retracting the lips, but 

 of course the teeth are shown by movements of the 

 lips. In the expression of rage or anger, Bell 

 describes the visage as sometimes turgid, dark, and 

 almost livid ; this congestion is a secondary result 

 of spasmodic contraction of the respiratory muscles 

 of the larynx, accompanying the clenching of the 

 teeth, leading to a condition of asphyxia. Showing 

 the teeth, and lividity of the countenance, are, then, 

 secondary results of movements, and are direct ex- 

 pressions of the condition of the individual. 



The voice is another important mode of expression 

 of the emotions by the results of movement. Dr. 

 Foster,* in speaking of special muscular mechanisms, 

 says, " A blast of air, driven by a more or less pro- 

 longed expiratory movement, throws into vibrations 

 two elastic membranes, chordae vocales. These im- 

 part their vibrations to the column of air above 

 them, and so give rise to the sound which we call 

 the voice." Alterations in the tension and position 

 of the vocal cords, and variations in the movements 

 of the respiratory muscles, cause the changes in the 

 voice which are expressive of the emotions. Darwin f 

 gives the following examples of expressive sounds 

 produced by animals through the action of apparatus 

 that cannot be called in any sense " vocal," because 

 not dependent on the respiratory apparatus: "Rabbits 

 stamp loudly on the ground as a signal to their com- 

 rades; and if a man knows how to do so properly, he 



* " Physiology," p. 527. f " Expression," p. 93. 



