CLASSIFICATION OF MOVEMEXNS. 79 



chapters. In any special problems as to a mode of 

 expression and its meaning, it is of course necessary 

 to use all methods of analysis, and also to see in 

 what class the special mode of expression under 

 consideration is to be placed. 



The following classifications of expressive move- 

 ments are suggested as practically useful : 



1. Anatomical analysis gives a method of classi- 

 fication ; the same anatomical movements will 

 always appear in the same class under this arrange- 

 ment. It must be understood, however, that similar 

 movements have a very different signification under 

 different circumstances. Closing the fingers when 

 grasping an object, when in passion, and in an 

 epileptic fit, may be a similar movement, but the 

 signification varies in each case. 



2. Movements may be classified according to the 

 physiological principles given. 



3. Movements are often spoken of as intelligent 

 and non-intelligent. This division is different from 

 those used above, and does not depend solely upon 

 their analysis ; their signification depends upon 

 the previously ascertained truth, or uniformity, that 

 certain kinds of movement are only produced by a 

 central nerve-mechanism which can also produce 

 " intelligence " or non-intelligence at the same time 

 as it produces the particular movements in question. 

 Good-class painting, high-class manipulations are 

 expressive of intelligence, because they are uni- 

 formly found to accompany intelligence. Walking- 

 is not necessarily accompanied by intelligence : a 

 man may walk in his sleep, an idiot may walk. 



