INSTINCT. 235 



ing in the child, walking on all fours in the newly 

 dropped calf, pecking by the bird just emerged 

 from its shell, the maternal attentions of animals 

 generally." 



In the larger edition of his works, p. 256, Pro- 

 fessor Bain says, "Instinct is defined by being- 

 opposed to acquisition, education, or experience ; we 

 might express it as untaught ability to perform 

 actions of all kinds, and more especially such as 

 are necessary or useful to the animal. In it a 

 living being possesses, at the moment of birth, 

 powers of acting of the same nature as those sub- 

 sequently conferred by experience and education." 

 Again, later he lays some stress on "the primitive 

 combined movements;" "the primitive arrange- 

 ments for combining movements in aggregation or 

 succession;" as examples, locomotion, and the 

 aggregation of movements dependent upon the con- 

 struction of the nerve-mechanism at birth seen in 

 the movements of the eyes. 



Walking is said to be due to instinct in the 

 lower animals. Marey describes walking as a 

 series of movements. 



Sir Charles Bell,* speaking of alteration of 

 the respiratory movements under the influence 

 of passion, cites as an example the movements of 

 alarm, the sudden and startled exertion of the 

 hands and arms, etc., and he then adds, "Such 

 combinations of the muscular actions are not left 

 to the direction of the will, but are provided for in 

 the original construction of the animal body." 



* Op. cit, p. 191. 



