EXPRESSION OF PAIN". 237 



and is incapable of investigation by physical means. 

 In talking of pain in this work, I take some 

 description of pain generally understood and 

 adopted by us all, then observe cases where pain 

 is present, and note and analyze the coincident 

 physical signs. That is to say, we take the general, 

 social description of the abstract emotion, and 

 deal by our principles with the physical signs 

 accompanying it. I do not wish here to say any- 

 thing abgut the emotion itself, but only to deal with 

 its expression in physical signs. To us the signs of 

 emotion are physical signs, or indications of brain 

 changes, and we grant that a physical sign can only 

 be produced by a previously existing physical force. 

 We do not say that an emotion is a physical force, but 

 we do say that the physical sign which indicates 

 the e.motion is the direct outcome of a physical 

 change, or force in the nerve-centres. "We will not 

 now discuss what may be the mutual relation of 

 (a) the emotion ; (fr) the physical sign which expresses 

 jt ; (c) the force or change in the nerve-centre which 

 produces the nerve-muscular expression. 



The emotion of beauty may be taken as another 

 example. In this work we put aside the consider- 

 ation of all subjective states, and abstract ideas. It 

 is the expression of the sense of beauty that will 

 engage our attention. I know not what " beauty " 

 in the abstract is, but we can observe the physical 

 signs which express that a man is affected by what 

 we know is beautiful, or what we have reason to 

 believe is beautiful to him. Here we touch upon a 

 matter of interest and of importance to our subject. 



