258 PHYSICAL EXPRESSION. 



and upwards ; but, judging from the manner in 

 which the upper teeth are always exposed during 

 laughter and broad smiling, as well as from my 

 own sensations, I cannot doubt that some of the 

 muscles running to the upper lip are likewise 

 brought into moderate action. The upper and 

 lower orbicular muscles of the eyes are at the same 

 time more or less contracted; and there is an inti- 

 mate connection, as explained in the chapter on 

 weeping, between the orbiculars, especially the 

 lower ones, and .some of the muscles running to 

 the upper lip." 



Sir Charles Bell * says 



"In joy the eyebrow is raised moderately, but 

 without any angularity; the forehead is smooth, 

 the eye full, lively, and sparkling; the nostril is 

 moderately inflated, and a smile is on the lips. In 

 all the exhilarating emotions, the eyebrow, the 

 eyelids, the nostril, and the angle of the mouth are 

 raised. In the depressing passions it is the reverse. 

 For example, in discontent the brow is clouded, 

 the nose peculiarly arched, and the angle of the 

 mouth drawn down." 



Having these descriptions before us, we can make 

 some comparisons, or analogies, and can apply the 

 principles of antithesis. In laughter, which is an 

 expression of joy or happiness, we have material 

 problems to deal with capable of physical investi- 

 gation. The angles of the mouth are said to be 

 drawn upwards; this is the very opposite to the 

 expression of physical suffering. By defining the 



* Op. cit., p. 172, 



