JOHN BULWER HARTLEY. 325 



ally, by those operations they have in the Head 

 and the most remarkable parts thereof" (A. 3). 



"When we lightly dislike, refuse, deny, or resent' 

 a thing, we use a cast up backward Nod of our 

 Head, a motion diametrically opposite to the 

 forward motion of assent ; and this signification of 

 the mind is .performed by the extension of the 

 Head" (p. 54). 



Bulwer (pp. 56 and 54) suggests the principle 

 of antithesis. He saw that movements, or nerve- 

 muscular signs, are indices of the brain condition 

 which accompanies mental states (see p. 4). 



Hartley,* in his " Theory of the Human Mind," 

 writes (p. 31): "Association not only converts 

 automatic actions into voluntary, but voluntary 

 ones into automatic. For these actions, of which 

 the mind is scarce conscious, and which follow 

 mechanically, as it were, some precedent diminutive 

 sensation, idea, or motion, and without any effort 

 of the mind, are rather to be ascribed to the body 

 than the mind ; i.e. are to be referred to the head 

 of automatic motions. I shall call them automatic 

 motions of the secondary kind, to distinguish them 

 both from those which are originally automatic, and 

 from the voluntary ones ; and shall now give a few 

 instances of this double transmutation of motions, 

 viz. of automatic into voluntary, and of voluntary 

 into automatic. The fingers of young children 

 bend upon almost every impression which is made 

 upon the palm of the hand, thus performing the 

 action of grasping, in the original automatic manner. 



* Edition by Joseph Priestley, F.R.S., 1775. 



