122 



TABLE 104. 



AERODYNAMICS. 



The pressure on a plane surface normal to the wind is for ordinary wind velocities expressed by 



where k is a constant depending on the units employed, w the mass of unit volume of the air, 

 a the area of the surface and v the velocity of the wind.* Engineers generally use the table of 

 values of P given by Smeaton in 1759. This table was calculated from the formula 



P=. 00492 v 2 



and gives the pressure in pounds per square foot when v is expressed in miles per hour. The 

 corresponding formula when v is expressed in feet per second is 



^=.00228^. 



Later determinations do not agree well together, but give on the average somewhat lower 

 values for the coefficient. The value of w depends, of course, on the temperature and the baro- 

 metric pressure. Langley's experiments give kw = . 00166 at ordinary barometric pressure and 

 10 C. temperature. 



For planes inclined at an angle a less than 90 to the direction of the wind the pressure may 

 be expressed as / > a=^aAo- 



Table 104, founded on the experiments of Langley, gives the value of F* for different values of 

 a. The word aspect, in the headings, is used by him to define the position of the plane relative to 

 the direction of motion. The numerical value of the aspect is the ratio of the linear dimension 

 transverse to the direction of motion to the linear dimension, a vertical plane through which is 

 parallel to the direction of motion. 



TABLE 104. -Values ol F a In Equation P a =T a P 9 



* The following pressures in pounds per square inch show roughly the influence of the shape and size of the resist- 

 ing surface (Dines' results). The wind velocity was 20.9 miles per hour. The flat plates were f in. thick. 



Square, sides 4 in 1.51 



Circle, same area 51 



Rectangle, 16 in. by i 70 



Square, 12 in. sides 57 



Circle, same area , 55 



Rectangle, 24 in. by 6 .59 



Square, sides 16 in 52 



Plate, 6 in. diam. 4! thick 1.45 



Ditto, curved side to wind . 0.92 



Sphere, 6 in. diam 0.67 



SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 



Plate, 6 in. diam. 90 cone at back ...... 1.49 



Same, cone in front ........... 0.98 



' sharp 30 cone at back ........ i .54 



" cone in front ........... 0.60 



5 in. Robinson cup on 8J in. of J in. rod .... 1.68 



Same, with back to wind ......... . 0.73 



9 in. cup on 6 in. of f in. rod 

 Same, with back to wind 



1.75 

 , 0.60 



2j in. cup on gj in. of^i in. rod ....... a.6o 



Same, with back to wind ... ..... 1.04 



