I2 THE VITAL PROCESSES 



7. Define an organization. Show that a railway system, an army, 

 and a school are organizations. 



8. What is meant by the phrase "division of labor" ? In what 

 manner is the division of labor practiced in a shoe or watch factory ? 

 What are the advantages ? 



9. What are the proofs that the body is an organization ? 



PRACTICAL WORK 



Observation on the Tissues. Examine with care the structures in the 

 entire leg of a chicken, squirrel, 'rabbit, or other small animal used for 

 food. Observe, first of all, the external covering, consisting of cuticle 

 and hair, claws, scales, or feathers, according to the specimen. These 

 are similar in structure, and they form the epidermis, which is one kind 

 of epithelial tissue. With a sharp knife lay open the skin and observe 

 that it is attached to the parts underneath by thin, but tough, threads 

 and sheaths. These represent a variety of connective tissue. The red- 

 dish material which forms the greater portion of the specimen is a va- 

 riety of muscular tissue, and its divisions are called muscles. With a 

 blunt instrument, separate the muscles, by tearing apart the connective 

 tissue binding them together, and find the glistening white strips of 

 connective tissue (tendons) which attach them to the bones. Find 

 near the central part of the leg a soft, white cord (a nerve) which rep- 

 resents one variety of nervous tissue. The bones, which may now be 

 examined, form the osseous tissue. At the ends of the bones will be 

 found a layer of smooth, white material which represents one kind of 

 cartilaginous tissue. The adipose, or fatty, tissue, which is found under 

 the skin and between the other tissues, is easily recognized. 



Relation of the Tissues to the Organs. Observe in the specimen 

 just studied the relation of the different tissues to the organ as a whole 

 (regarding the leg as an organ), i.e., show how each of the tissues 

 aids in the work which the organ accomplishes. Show in particular 

 how the muscles supply the foot with motion, by tracing out the ten- 

 dons that connect them with the toes. Pull on the different tendons, 

 noting the effect upon the different parts of the foot. 



