DIGESTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE. ; 393 



globin being thus liberated and then decomposed into bilirubin,the iron 

 escaping in the form of a phosphate in the bile. As regards the origin 

 of bile acids little is known, though they are probably derived from the 

 breaking down of albuminoids. 



The action of the nervous sj'stem in modifying the secretion of the 

 bile is almost entirely unknown. No nerve has been found whose stim- 

 ulation leads to an increased flow of bile, or causes its arrest when 

 actively flowing. The splanchnic nerve has been noticed, when stimu- 

 lated, to cause an increase in the flow of bile from biliary fistulas, but this 

 action is evidently due to the production of contraction of the biliary 

 ducts. 



3. The Physiological Action of the Bile. The bile enters the intes- 

 tine, in most animals, associated with the pancreatic juice, as seen in the 

 horse, goat, and dromedary, while in the ox and Babbit the bile-duct is 

 separated fora considerable distance from the opening of the pancreatic 

 duct. The fact that it enters the intestine simultaneously w r ith the pan- 

 creatic juice, or even before it, shows that in its physiological action it 

 must be associated with the latter. Its action on the food-stuffs is of 

 but slight importance. On protejds it produces no distinct action what- 

 ever, and, in fact, would seem to interfere with the digestion of proteids 

 as commenced in the stomach. Thus, when bile, or a solution of tauro^ 

 cholic acid, is added to the products of gastric digestion, a copious 

 precipitate takes place, which consists of coagulable albumen, syntonin, 

 and pepsin, the latter being indicated by the fact that when this precip- 

 itate is filtered off and the supernatant liquid acidified it has no peptic 

 power. This precipitate is, however, redissolved in an excess of bile 

 or a solution of bile salts, and its object would appear to be, by precipi- 

 tating the parapeptone to delay its passage through the intestine and so 

 give the pancreatic juice time to act, while, at the same time, by precipi- 

 tating the pepsin the pancreatic ferments are protected from the solvent 

 action of the gastric juice. For we find that during active digestion, 

 as a rule, the contents of the small intestine are strongly acid in the 

 greater portion of its upper extremity, and were the pepsin not precipi- 

 tated the pancreatic ferments would be digested and therefore destroj^ed 

 through the action of the gastric juice. The re-solution of the precipi- 

 tate produced by bile in the products of gastric digestion is due to an, 

 excess of taurocholic acid. In most animals (ox, sheep, and horse), the 

 bile has been found to contain a ferment, present in small amount, which 

 is capable of converting starch into sugar. A similar action is also pro- 

 duced on glycogen. This action is, however, secondary, and of but little 

 importance in the digestion of carbohydrates, other than that the bile 

 assists the amjdolytic action of the pancreas. In the d'og's and pig's 

 bile no diastatic ferment is present. 



