July, 1914.] THE APPLE MAGGOT. 85 



consisted of three fourths bushel of Porters and was placed 

 under a Imden tree. Lot No. 3, consisted of three fourths bushel 

 of Earty Harvests, and was placed under an ash tree. Each 

 lot was covered with a screen-wire cage, which was kept thereafter 

 in position. In the summer of 1913 adults emerged at the ordi- 

 nary time in each of the cages. The detailed emergence records 

 are given in Table 4, columns 1, 2 and 3. The adults were 

 removed as found. Soil and cages were left unchanged. In 

 April, 1914, a small section of earth from each cage was removed 

 and examined. Considerable numbers of pupae were found. 



As the season progressed adults emerged from these pupa^ and 

 in the cages in the open. From Lot No. 1 a total of 7 adults were 

 secured; from Lot No. 2, 10 adults; and from Lot No. 3, 12 adults; 

 all of these, of course, representing the two-year life cycle. It will 

 be noted that with two of these lots the fruit was of early variety, 

 and had contained early maturing larvae. It had been collected, 

 in fact, to obtain evidence as to the existence or non-existence of 

 a second brood the same season of ripening. 



RESISTANCE OF PUP.aE. 



With this species as with many others, the pupa, once success- 

 fully formed, is measurably resistant to unfavorable surroundings. 

 Since pupse normally occur in nature within two or three inches 

 of the surface of the ground and remain successfully there through- 

 out fall, winter and spring, it is obvious that they are able to 

 withstand extremes of heat, cold and moisture in varying com- 

 binations. 



Newly emerged larvae placed on dry soil on which there are no 

 fallen apples exhibit what may be assumed to be signs of dis- 

 comfort. IlHngworth (34 p. 162) found that individuals forming 

 the puparium under such conditions, may fail to enter the pupal 

 stage successfully. In nature, however, the issuing larva has 

 access to soil immediately beneath the fallen fruit from which it 

 came. Some moisture, as well as other favorable conditions, is 

 certain to prevail in such situation. The circumstances do not 

 appear to the writer comparable. 



On occasion, at least, pupse in barrels or boxes in which apples 

 have been allowed to decay may withstand such surroundings 

 successfully. In 1910, at Durham, adults emerged from pupae 

 in conditions of this nature. 



