THE ADVANCE OP PREHISTORIC HUMANITY 103 



Switzerland, and England, and has left literally millions 

 of its flint (or other hard stone) implements on the floor 

 of Europe a floor that is now buried sometimes forty 

 feet below the actual surface. Four more or less com- 

 plete skeletons (Neanderthal, Spy, and Krapina), and a 

 few lower jaws and fragments of skull suffice to give us 

 a good idea what this very early European was like. 

 The skull and jaws and thighs go back a long way 

 toward the ape type, though as we should expect not 

 as far as the Java remains. The beetling brows, very 

 low receding forehead, and bulging jaws show a lower 

 type of savage than the Australian native, and the cranial 

 capacity is very low (about 1,200 cubic centimetres). 

 The thigh is appreciably curved. 



Here we have just the type of human being that our 

 theory of the evolution of man suggested. On that 

 theory our ancestor would have arrived at something 

 like the gibbon type of anthropoid ape by the middle of 

 the Tertiary epoch (at least two million years ago), and 

 if we found remains of that phase we could do no more 

 than class them as anthropoid apes. By the end of the 

 Tertiary (a million years ago) he would have passed just 

 beyond the ape level, and there precisely we find the 

 ape man of Java a squat, powerful, probably hairy 

 being, about five feet high, with brutal jaws and fore- 

 head. If we accept the eoliths, he arrived let us say 

 half a million years ago at the stage of chipping flints 

 about as crudely as a small schoolboy would. Then 

 comes the Neanderthal race ; let me put it provisionally 

 at 200,000 years ago, for reasons we shall see presently. 

 He is still far below the level of the existing savage, and 

 is a stout, stumpy, muscular being, a little over five feet 

 high, without home, grave, or clothing, without arrows or 

 hafted weapons, roughly chipping his flints to a cutting 

 edge and point, beginning to live in small social groups, 



