MAN AND APE. 17 1 



both in the structure of the bony skeleton and in that of 

 the muscles which are attached to the hand and the foot ; 

 and these are exactly the same in Man and in the Ape. 

 There is, for instance, an essential difference in the arrange- 

 ment and number of the wrist-bones of the hand (carpus} 

 and the ankle-bones of the foot (tarsus). The muscle-masses 

 present equally constant differences. The posterior ex- 

 tremity, the foot, has always three muscles (a short flexor 

 muscle, a short extensor muscle, and a long muscle attached 

 to the .muscles of the tibia) which are never present in 

 the anterior extremity, the hand. The disposition of the 

 muscles is also very different in the two sets of limbs. 

 These characteristic differences between the anterior and 

 the posterior extremities occur in Man just as in Apes. 

 There can, therefore, be no doubt, that the foot of the 

 Ape deserves the name as truly as that of the Man ; and 

 that all true Apes are as genuinely two-handed animals 

 (Bimana] as Man. Thus the usual distinction of the Apes 

 as Quadrumana is wholly unjustifiable. 



It might now be asked whether, quite apart from these, 

 there are not other marks by which Man is more widely 

 separated from the Apes than are the different species of 

 Apes from each other. Huxley has given a final negative 

 to this question so convincingly, that the opposition now 

 raised against him in many quarters must be regarded as 

 completely unfounded and ineffective. Based on an accurate 

 study of the Comparative Anatomy of all parts of the body, 

 Huxley brought forward very significant proof that, in 

 every anatomical respect, the differences between the highest 

 and the lowest Apes are greater than the corresponding 

 differences between the highest Apes and Man. He there- 



