CONTENTS. Vll 



PAGE 



salis. The Four Types of Evolution in the Four Main Groups of 

 the Animal Kingdom. Baer's Law of the Type of Evolution and 

 the Degree of Perfection. Explanation of this Law by the Theory 

 of Selection. Baer's Successors : Rathke, Johannes Miiller, Bis- 

 choff, Kolliker. The Cell Theory : Schleiden, Schwann. Its Appli- 

 cation to Ontogeny : Eobert Remak. Retrogressions in Ontogeny : 

 Reichert and His. Extension of the Domain of Ontogeny : Darwin 48 



CHAPTER IV. 



THE EARLIER HISTORY OF PHYLOGENY. 

 JEAN LAMARCK. 



Phvlogeny before Darwin. Origin of Species. Karl Linnaeus' Idea of 

 Species, and Assent to Moses' Biblical History of Creation. The 

 Deluge. Palaeontology. George Cuvier's Theory of Catastrophes. 

 Repeated Terrestrial Revolutions, and New Creations. Lyell's 

 Theory of Continuity. The Natural Causes of the Constant Modi- 

 fication of the Earth. Supernatural Origin of Organisms. 

 Immanuel Kant's Dualistic Philosophy of Nature. Jean Lamarck. 

 Monistic Philosophy of Nature. The Story of his Life. His 

 Philosophic- Zoologique. First Scientific Statement of the Doctrine 

 of Descent. Modification of Organs by Practice and Habit, in 

 Conjunction with Heredity. Application of the Theory to Man. 

 Descent of Man from the Ape. Wolfgang Goethe. His Studies 

 in Natural Science. His Morphology. His Studies of the 

 " Formation and Transformation of Organisms." Goethe's Theory 

 of the Tendency to Specific Differences (Heredity) and of Meta- 

 morphosis (Adaptation) ... ... ... ... ... 70 



CHAPTER V. 



MODERN PHYLOGENY. 

 CHARLES DARWIN. 



Relation of Modern to Earlier Phylogeny. Charles Darwin's Work on 

 the Origin of Species. Causes of its Remarkable Success. The 

 Theory of Selection : the Interrelation of Hereditary Transmission 

 and Adaptation in the Struggle for Existence. Darwin's Life and 

 Voyage Round the World His Grandfather, Erasmus Darwin. 

 Charles Darwin's Study of Domestic Animals and Plants. Com- 

 VOL. L 6 



