HALLER AND LEIBNITZ. 39 



(Nulla est epigenesis). No part of the animal body was made 

 previous to another, and all were created simultaneously 

 (Nulla in cor pore animali pars ante aliam facta est, 

 et omnes simul creates ecdstunf)." In reality, therefore, 

 he denied any actual evolution in the natural sense, and 

 in this went so far as to maintain even the existence of a 

 beard in the new-born boy, and the existence of the horns 

 in the hornless fawn; all the parts were already present 

 in a complete state, but hidden for a while from the human 

 eye. Haller even calculated the number of human beings 

 which God, on the sixth day of His work of creation, at 

 once created and encased in the ovary of Eve, the Mother 

 of all. He estimated them at two hundred thousand 

 millions, by assuming the creation of the world to have 

 been six thousand years ago, the average human life thirty 

 years, and the number of human beings alive at the same 

 time one thousand million. And the celebrated Haller 

 advocated all this rampant nonsense, and the inferences 

 drawn from it, most successfully, even after Wolff had dis- 

 covered the true Epigenesis, and proved it by investigation. 

 Leibnitz was the most important of the philosophers 

 who adopted the Theory of Evolution (Pre-formation), and 

 by his great authority, as well as by his talented exposition, 

 gained numerous followers for it. Based upon his Theory 

 of Monads, according to which soul and body are in an 

 eternally inseparable union, and in their bi-unity constitute 

 the individual (the Monad), Leibnitz quite logically applied 

 the Theory of Encasement to the soul also, and denied all 

 real development for it, equally with the body. In his 

 Theodicce, for instance, he says : " I think that souls, which 

 will some day be human souls, as in the case of those of 



