CHAPTER IV. 



THE EARLIER HISTORY OF PHYLOGENY. 

 JEAN LAMARCK. 



Phylogeny before Darwin. Origin of Species. Karl Linnseus' Idea of 

 Species, and Assent to Moses' Biblical History of Creation. The 

 Deluge. Palaeontology. George Cuvier's Theory of Catastrophes. 

 Repeated Terrestrial Revolutions, and New Creations. Lyell's Theory 

 of Continuity. The Natural Causes of the Constant Modification 

 of the Earth. Supernatural Origin of Organisms. Immanuel Kant's 

 Dnalistic Philosophy of Nature. Jean Lamarck. Monistic Philosophy 

 of Nature. The Story of his Life. His Philosophie Zoologique.. First 

 Scientific Statement of the Doctrine of Descent. Modification of 

 Organs by Practice and Habit, in Conjunction with Heredity. Applica- 

 tion of the Theory to Man. Descent of Man from the Ape. Wolfgang 

 Goethe. His Studies in Natural Science. His Morphology. His 

 Studies of the " Formation and Transformation . of Organisms." 

 Goethe's Theory of the Tendency to Specific Differences (Heredity 

 and of Metamorphosis (Adaptation). 



" It would be an easy task to show that the characteristics in the organi- 

 zation of man, on account of which the human species and races are- 

 grouped as a distinct family, are all results of former changes of occu- 

 pation, and of acquired habits, which have come to be distinctive of indi- 

 viduals of his kind. When, compelled by circumstances, the most highly 

 developed apes accustomed themselves to walking erect, they gained 

 the ascendant over the other animals. The absolute advantage they 



