246 THE EVOLUTION OF MAN. 



In asking ourselves what place the most recent dis- 

 coveries of Comparative Anatomy and the Science of Classi- 

 fication, among other organisms, assign to Man, what light 

 is thrown by a comparison of developed bodily forms on the 

 position of Man in the whole animal system, we receive 

 a very simple and significant answer ; and this answer 

 affords conclusions of extreme importance in explanation of 

 the evolution of the embryo, and as to the phylogenetic 

 interpretation of this evolution. 



Since the time of Cuvier and Baer, since the great 

 progress originated by these two great zoologists in the first 

 decades of this century, the whole animal kingdom has 

 been universally held to be divisible into a small number of 

 main divisions, or Types. They are called types, because 

 a certain typical or characteristic structure of body is 

 invariably maintained within each one of these main 

 divisions. 81 Of late, since the Development Theory has been 

 applied to this celebrated Doctrine of Types, it has been 

 discovered that all animals of the same type stand in direct 

 blood-relationship* to each other, and can be traced from 

 a common parent-form. Cuvier and Baer assumed four 

 of these types ; more recent research has raised the number 

 to seven. These seven types, or tribes (Phyla), 8 * of the 

 animal kingdom, are: (1) the Protozoa ; (2} the Plant-animals 

 (Zoophytes) ; (3) the Worms (Ferraes) ; (4) the Soft-bodied 

 animals (Mollusca) ; (5) the Star-animals (Echinoderma) ; 

 (6) the Articulated-auimals (Arthropoda); (7) the Vertebrata. 

 I may at once introduce the reader to the genealogi- 

 cal inter-relations of these seven types as I am fully con- 

 vinced they are phylogenetically constituted. For this 

 purpose I will give as briefly as possible the outlines of 



