456 THE EVOLUTION OF MAN. 



side of nature. Hence, also, the usual distinction between 

 natural science and mental science is entirely untenable. 

 Every real science is at the same time both a natural and a 

 mental science. Man is not above nature, but in nature. 



The opponents of the doctrine of evolution are very fond 

 of branding the monistic philosophy grounded upon it as 

 " materialism," by confusing philosophical materialism with 

 the wholly different and censurable moral materialism. 

 Strictly, however, our " monism " might, as accurately or as 

 inaccurately, be called spiritualism as materialism. The 

 real materialistic philosophy asserts, that the vital pheno- 

 mena of motion, like all other phenomena of motion, are 

 effects or products of matter. The other, opposite extreme, 

 spiritualistic .philosophy, asserts, on the contrary, that 

 matter is the product of motive force, and that all material 

 forms are produced by free forces entirely independent of 

 the matter itself. Thus, according to the materialistic 

 conception of the universe, matter, or substance, precedes 

 motion, or active force. According to the spiritualistic con- 

 ception of the universe, on the contrary, active force or 

 motion precedes matter. Both views are dualistic, and we 

 hold them both to be equally false. A contrast to both 

 views is presented in the monistic philosophy, which can as 

 little believe in force without matter, as in matter without 

 force. It is only necessary to reflect on this for a time, 

 from a strictly scientific standpoint, to find that on close 

 examination it is impossible clearly to represent the one 

 without the other. As Goethe says, "Matter can never 

 exist and act without spirit; neither can spirit without 

 matter." u 



The " spirit " and " mind " of man are but forces which 



