INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE. EMOTION. 303 



it has finally become an inherited instinct ; for young 

 dogs will herd sheep in a proper manner the first 

 time they are taken into the pasture. In this case 

 the habit is one which has been taught the animal 

 by man. But it is evidently possible that habits 

 which animals learn of their own accord may, in a 

 similar way, become instructive. This, too, has been 

 in many cases directly observed. After a very ex- 

 tended series of observations Romanes has con- 

 cluded that this Darwinian theory of the origin 

 of instincts is perfectly satisfactory in most cases. 

 We cannot here consider his arguments but only the 

 result. If this conclusion be accepted, it is evident 

 that the difference between the minds of men and 

 animals is only one of degree, so far as concerns the 

 possession of instinct. Each can acquire inherited 

 habits. But in animals, owing to the fact that the 

 general intelligence is small and the reasoning 

 powers almost absent, the instincts become the 

 factors of life. In man, the development of rea- 

 son has caused instinct to become secondary. And 

 in most cases reason has entirely superseded instinct 

 in adult man. Man has discovered that reason is a 

 better guide than blind impulse /. e., instinct. Man's 

 mind is mostly intellect and little instinct; animals' 

 minds are mostly instinct and little intellect. The 

 difference is certainly vast. Whether or not it is 

 more than one of degree depends upon the answer 

 to the question whether animal intelligence and 

 reason are similar in kind to faculties of the same 

 name in man. If they are, it is plain that it is only 

 necessary to suppose these qualities, rudimentary in 



