324 EVOLUTION OF TO-DAY. 



uals are dependent on each other, as we always find 

 among social animals. The success of the tribe is 

 the success of the individual, and the defeat of the 

 tribe is the defeat of the individual. In such com- 

 munities, therefore, while the individual may have 

 independent pleasures, he cannot have an indepen- 

 dent existence. Now, as we can judge from 

 savages, these tribes have always been in conflict 

 with each other, and in these contests it is the 

 strongest tribe and not the strongest individual, 

 which conquers and is thus able to leave posterity. 

 Natural selection will have the effect then of 

 strengthening the tribes rather than the individuals. 

 Now, strength in such communities consists of 

 mutual dependence and union. It will follow, there- 

 fore, that those tribes of primitive men (before any 

 idea of right had appeared) which, either from in- 

 telligence or blind instinct, chanced to have the 

 greatest union and mutual reliance, would be the 

 tribes to conquer in the struggle for existence. 

 Those tribes in which individual happiness was not 

 made subservient to the good of the community 

 would be exterminated. History is full of illustra- 

 tions of this fact. In this way the good of the com- 

 munity becomes a superior feeling to the good of 

 self. Habits which increased this union would be 

 developed. And the result would be the gradual 

 development of various social instincts, all tending 

 to the advantage of the community, though often 

 to the disadvantage of particular individuals. 

 Patriotism, valor, generosity, sympathy, justice, etc., 

 all in behalf of the individuals of one's own tribe, 



