36 THE STRUCTURE OF THE GLANDS OF BRUNNER 



VII. THE GLANDS OP BRUNNER OF MAN 



The material for this study consisted of the duodenum and a portion of the 

 jejunum of an executed criminal, a young man about thirty years of age. The material 

 was obtained about forty-five minutes after death and, although the epithelium of the 

 free surface and portions of the villi were lost in places, proved to be in other respects 

 excellently preserved. A strip from end to end of the duodenum was fixed in alcoholic 

 sublimate bichromate mixture and the rest in 70 per cent, alcohol. For comparison a 

 second duodenum obtained for the writer from the body of a woman seventy years of 

 age, and fixed in alcoholic sublimate bichromate, was studied. In the latter marked 

 cell-atrophy was exhibited by the glands of Brunner, but some interesting facts were 

 obtained as to the mode of accumulation of the secretion in the cell. 



The observations of the writer confirm in the main those of Renaut (1879), 

 Schaffer (1891), and Castellant (1898) as to the distribution of the glands of Brunner 

 in the intestine of man. 



The glands make their appearance in the mucosa and submucosa, opposite the 

 summit of the pyloric sphincter, at the point where the first intestinal gland of Lieber- 

 kuhn appears. There is for a short distance, about 2.5mm. in my material, a slight 

 mingling of intestinal and gastric glands as observed by Bohin and von Davidoff (1895), 

 and confirmed by Castellant ( 1898). In this region, however, only a few pyloric glands 

 are visible, and in some of these goblet cells occur among the gastric epithelial cells. 



The glands of Brunner located in the mucous membrane at this point form groups 

 of radiating, slightly wavy, branched tubules, clustered around the base of a gland of 

 Lieberkuhn, or of a foveola gastrica into which they open. They are not in this region 

 clearly marked off into lobules, and are a direct continuation of the pyloric glands 

 which, as many writers have pointed out, exhibit a tendency to richer branching near 

 the beginning of the duodenum. 



In the pars superior of the duodenum from the first individual the surface of the 

 mucosa presented a somewhat mammillated appearance, owing to the occurrence in it 

 of many large solitary follicles ( noduli lymphatici solitarii). In sections these solitary 

 follicles form interruptions at regular intervals in the continuity of the glandular 

 elements of the mucous membrane, as may be seen in Plate XXIV, Figs. 14 and 15. 

 This fact gives in sections an appearance of regular grouping of the glands located in 

 the tela submucosa as well as of those in the mucous membrane, because, obviously, 

 the ducts of the former must open to the surface between the solitary follicles and the 

 lobules of the glands must be arranged in a radial fashion around the ducts. This 

 appearance is well illustrated in Fig. 15, where the lobules of the group in the sub- 

 mucosa spread out in a fan-like fashion from the point in the mucosa where their 

 terminal ducts are located. 



In the pars superior duodeni the glands of Brunner, as described by Renaut 

 (1879) and confirmed by Schaffer (1891) and Castellant (1898), form two groups, 



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