WOODED STEMS. 



right angle, it is called Irachiate. This arrangement of the branches is further used 

 to distinguish trees, shrubs, and herbs. A tree (arbor) is composed of a trunk supporting 

 perennial branches ; and, when small, it is called arbusculus. A shrub differs from a 

 tree in there being no central stem or trunk, but the branches proceed directly from 

 the earth. This is called frutex, fruticulus when small, and dumosus when low. The 

 undershrub (suffrutex) has the same arrangement of branches ; but it approaches 

 nearer to the herb, since it wholly or partially dies annually. It has, however, 

 wooded branches, and not merely, or chiefly, cellular ones. The stem of a forest tree, and 

 of any other which has not its growth terminated by a flower-bud, or any other organic 

 cause, is said to be indeterminate, and determinate when otherwise. 



126. Representing a variety of trees, all of exogenous growth. 



Th j science of Botany is rich in descriptive terms ; and although they may be 

 disagreeable to a student, are very welcome to the botanist who would intelligibly 

 describe a plant. We must therefore counsel our readers not to pass them hastily by, 

 but to read them attentively, and, if possible, commit them to memory. 



Wooded Stems are divided into two great and well-defined classes, according to their 

 internal conformation viz., such as grow from without (exogenous), and such as enlarge 

 from within (endogenous). The former are more common in cold, and the latter in hot 

 climates. There are, however, the following points of resemblance : Each has & 



