34 



the "average" will, at best, be about 0.5 per cent, and under unfav- 

 orable conditions go as high as I per cent. Experiments made by 

 Prof. Fjord showed that even the original, self-skimming but 

 crude, Lefeldt machine (with hollow bowl) gave more butter in 

 per cent, as follows : 



Ice System May, 8.3; June, 7.3; July, 4.5; August, 3.1; 

 September, 3.7; October, 18.1 ; November, 28.0; December, 17.8; 

 January, 7.6; February, 3.8; March, 3.7; April, 4.1. 



Shallow Tubs May, 10.4; June, 9.6; July, .13.8; August, 

 n.o; September, 16.0; October, 14.9; November, 15.6; December, 

 13.1 ; January, 8.8; February, 5.4; March, 6.0; April, 6.4. 



It is perfectly safe to calculate an increase of 10 per cent, on 

 the yearly butter yield whenever a separator is used instead of the 

 other systems, even under the most favorable conditions. 



With either of the other systems the cream will not rise as 

 well, if the setting is delayed or the milk shaken by transporta- 

 tion, but with the separator it does not matter nearly as much, nor 

 will the period of lactation affect the separator much. We may 

 have to reduce the flow a little that is all. 



It may be pertinent here to refer to the fact, shown by Dr. 

 Barthel, that if milk has been agitated violently by running 

 through a heater with fast revolving dashers- or by being pumped 

 up or elevated by a steam jet, the separators will not skim it as 

 close as usual. 



Tests have proved that cream and milk are purified by the sep- 

 aration which leaves a sediment on the bowl and in this may be 

 found not only dirt and scales, which pass through the strainers, 

 but also a considerable proportion of germs and bacteria, notably 

 those of tuberculosis. 



Add to this the increased value of skim milk, when we are 

 able to feed it warm as it comes from the cow, and it is evident 

 that no private dairyman having 5 to 10 good cows can afford to 

 be without a separator. 



CREAMING SYSTEMS THAT ARE FAILURES. 



It would not be necessary to mention these if it were not for 

 the fact that several otherwise respectable agricultural papers 

 have run the advertisement of several such, and that even dairy 

 papers are sometimes induced to give them space. 



Thus we had, some years ago, the vacuum system, by which a 

 small air pump exhausted the air from the milk can. This, like 



