56 



(Fig. 43), and 

 the Curtis rec- 

 tangular churn, 

 which may be 

 said to be the 

 two most popu- 

 lar dairy churns 

 in the West. 



The old Arabian churn, made 

 out of the skin of a goat (Fig. 

 44), which still holds its own 

 among many tribes in Africa, 

 and the hollow log (Fig. 45) 

 used in Asia Minor are both 

 prototypes of the modern Davis 

 Swing churn (Fig. 46) which is 

 quite popular in the Eastern States. 



While in Europe the creameries generally adhere to the 



vertical churn with revolving 

 dashers (Fig. 42), the large box 



(Fig. 44.) 



g. 45) (Fig. 46) 



churn (Fig. 47), of which some are made to open like a trunk, 

 (easier to clean and aerate, but harder to keep from leaking while 

 churning), kept their ground here until the combined churns 

 have taken their place to a great extent, first in the Western 

 States, then East and lately in Europe as well. 



In 1840 Mr. Clifton introduced air through a hollow up and 

 down dasher and in 1896 or '97, a Mr. Norcross introduced it 

 through a hollow revolving shaft with a kind of turbine attach- 

 ment, as something new and wonderful. Neither has any more 

 value than the innumerable patent ( ?) lightning churns. 



Next must be mentioned churning with air bubbles forced 

 into the cream by an air pump, first proposed by Doehn, of Berlin, 



