500 THE HUMAN BODY 



air escapes on its sides. For Ch (as in the proper Scotch pronun- 

 ciation of loch) the passage between the back of the tongue and 

 the soft palate is narrowed. To many of the above pure conso- 

 nants answer others, in whose production true vocalization (i. e., 

 a laryngeal tone) takes a part. F with some voice becomes V; 

 S becomes Z, Th soft (teeth) becomes Th hard; and Ch becomes 

 Gh. (2) Resonants; these have been referred to above. (3) Vibra- 

 tories (the different forms of R), which are due to vibrations of 

 parts bounding a constriction put in the course of the air-current. 

 Ordinary R is due to vibrations of the tip of the tongue held near 

 the hard palate; and guttural R to vibrations of the uvula and 

 parts of the pharynx. 



The consonants may physiologically be classified as in the fol- 

 lowing table (Foster) : 



Explosives. Labials, without voice P. 



" with voice B. 



Dentals, without voice T. 



" with voice D. 



Gutturals, without voice K. 



with voice G (hard). 



Aspirates. Labials, without voice F. 



" with voice V. 



Dentals, without voice S, L, Sh, Th (hard). 



" with voice Z, Zh (azure), Th (soft). 



Gutturals, without voice Ch (\och). 



" with voice Ch. 



Resonants. Labial M. 



Dental N. 



Gutteral NG. 



Vibratories. Labial not used in European languages. 



Dental R (common). 



Guttural R (guttural). 



H is a laryngeal sound: the vocal cords are separated for its 

 production, yet not so far as in quiet breathing. The air-current 

 then produces a friction sound but not a true note, as it passes 

 the glottis; and this is again modified when the current strikes 

 the wall of the pharynx. Simple sudden closure of the glottis, 

 attended with no sound, is also a speech element, though we do 

 not indicate it with a special letter, since it is always understood 

 when a word begins with a vowel, and only rarely is used at other 

 times. The Greeks had a special sign for it, ', the soft breathing; 



