xviii Minnesota Plant Life. 



FIG. 95. Bulrush-sedge. After Britton and Brown 214 



FIG. 96. Carex-sedge. After Britton and Brown 215 



FIG. 97. A skunk-cabbage in early spring, before the leaves have un- 

 folded. The purple hood covering the flower cluster is 



shown on one side. After Atkinson 218 



FIG. 98. Sedges and rushes. After photograph by Williams 224 



FIG. 99. Dog's-tooth violet in flower. After Atkinson 225 



FIG. 100. Clintonia. After Britton and Brown 225 



FIG. 101. Blue flags. After photograph by Williams 226 



FIG. 102. Stream-side vegetation. Blue flags in foreground. After pho- 

 tograph by Williams 227 



FIG. 103. Yellow lady-slipper. After photograph by Mr. R. S. Mackin- 

 tosh 229 



FIG. 104. Wild orchis. After Britton and Brown 230 



FIG. 105. Cottonwoods on the Minnesota. After photograph by Wil- 

 liams 235 



FIG. 106. Poplar vegetation of burnt district. Near Rat Portage, Ont. 



After photograph by the author 237 



FIG. 107. Cottonwood. After Britton and Brown 238 



FIG. 108. Peach-leafed willows on shore of stream. After photograph by 



Williams 239 



FIG. 109. Clusters of willow flowers; on the left the pistillate flowers 

 and on the right the staminate. Each pistillate flower con- 

 sists principally of a single fruit-rudiment, and each staminate 

 flower of two, or sometimes a larger number of stamens. 



After Atkinson 240 



FIG. no. Beach vegetation, Garden Island, Lake of the Woods. The 

 long-leafed willow forms the outer zone, and the black willow 



the inner. After photograph by the author 241 



FIG. in. Hickory trees. Lake Minnetonka. After photograph by Wil- 

 liams 244 



