xxiv Minnesota Plant Life. 



FIG. 219. Dandelion fruiting in shady spot. Shows the slender stems 

 and erect root-leaves of the shady habitat, and fruits adapted 

 for wind distribution. After photograph by Hibbard 441 



FIG. 220. Vegetation of ravine. The home of mosses and liverworts. 

 The plants in front are touch-me-nots. After photograph by 

 Williams 447 



FIG. 221. Stream-side vegetation. Ironweeds, thoroughwort, mullein, 

 sedge, speedwell and shrubbery. Hydrophytic vegetation in 

 water's edge. After photograph by Williams 448 



FIG. 222. Birch trees along a lake shore. Bar vegetation in background. 



After photograph by Williams 449 



FIG. 223. Trees along a river bank. Soft maple and cottonwood. Min- 

 nesota river. After photograph by Williams 452 



FIG. 224. Marshy place at the edge of a wood. After photograph by 



Murdock 454 



FIG. 225. Ferns in tamarack swamp, Lake Calhoun. After photograph 



by Hibbard 455 



FIG. 226. Swamp saxifrages. The large root-leaves are adapted to the 

 shade of the swamp. The whole plant is hairy. Tamarack 

 swamp, Lake Harriet. After photograph by Hibbard 456 



FIG. 227. A marsh-loving sedge, showing fruit clusters. After photo- 

 graph by Hibbard 458 



FIG. 228. A pitcher plant in flower; tamarack swamp. The leaves are 



converted into insect-traps. After photograph by Hibbard. . . 461 



FIG. 229. Rock vegetation, Lake of the Woods, near Keewatin, Ontario. 

 Junipers, bellworts, pines, ferns, poplars and grasses predom- 

 inate. After photograph by Wright 466 



FIG. 230. Growth of hardwood trees upon a rocky island. Northwest 



angle, Lake of the Woods. After photograph by the author. . 468 



FIG. 231. Vegetation of sand dunes, Isle aux Sables, Lake of the 

 Woods. In the foreground is the sand cherry and scrub 

 poplar, in the center a juniper bush and in the background 

 plums. After photograph by the author 470 



