290 Minnesota Plant Life. 



mon objects in open woods and along the edges of moist 

 meadows. The way to distinguish an anemone from a five- 

 finger or avens is this : the flowers of the fivefingers have appar- 

 ently a double calyx formed by the uniting in pairs of the stip- 

 ules at the bases of the calyx leaves. The anemones have no 

 such double calyx. Besides, the stamens in the anemones and 

 buttercups are arranged in spirals, while those of the fivefingers 

 and avens are arranged in whorls. 



Agrimonies. Two curious little herbs, known as agrimonies, 

 have leaves resembling rose leaves, the flowers in narrow, spike- 

 like racemes and the calyx swollen up around the fruit and fur- 

 nished with a number of hooked bristles. The little fruits which 

 become attached to one's clothing in the woods in autumn, if 

 they are conical in shape and if the base of the cone is barbed, 

 are those of the agrimony. The bristles do not really belong 

 to the fruit, but arise from the calyx, illustrating how the plant 

 may use the same areas for different purposes. In apples, 

 mountain-ashes, June-berries, and chokeberries the calyx grew 

 up around the fruit and became fleshy. That is to say, the real 

 fruit of the apple is the core, the flesh which is eaten being the 

 outer portion of the flower and not the central ovary or group 

 of ovaries. The agrimony fruits, like those of the apples, pears, 

 quinces and hawthorns, are adapted to animal distribution ; but 

 the method of distribution is different. In the apples, calyx- 

 leaves become an inducement to animals to eat the fruits and 

 thus the seeds, remaining uninjured, are distributed. But in 

 agrimonies the calyx is so constructed that with its inclosed 

 fruit and seeds it attaches itself to the fur of animals and in this 

 manner obtains dissemination. 



Raspberries and blackberries. Very closely related to the 

 fivefingers and strawberries are the brambles, including here 

 the varieties with edible fruits known as raspberries and black- 

 berries. About ten species occur in the state. The different 

 flavors in the fruits give occasion for the classification into rasp- 

 berries and blackberries, and there are no important structural 

 differences, since both plants belong to the same genus. They 

 are shrubs or herbs with characteristic fruitlets like miniature 

 plums aggregated together upon a fleshy swollen axis devel- 

 oped from the centre of the flower, and somewhat like the 

 conical base of the strawberry nutlets. One difference between 



