10 THE MIND OF THE HOESE 



every means to avoid being touched and bring 

 about a cessation of the irritation. 



Pinching behind the second bone of the shoul- 

 der excites him to bite, and this fact is turned to 

 account by circus performers for the purpose of 

 teaching him to seize and hold objects with his 

 teeth. 



Threatening or touching him with the riding 

 or driving whip has the eifect of stimulating him 

 to move, if he can, and making him break away. 



The spur excites many horses to exertion. On 

 many mares and on some horses it has a bad 

 effect and is an injurious excitement, and they 

 become restive and attempt to kick, bite or jump. 



Hysterical mares stop or kick on being touched 

 with spurs. The legs and spurs continually applied 

 are particularly exciting to many horses. Some of 

 them are excited owing to the contact of the stir- 

 rup hanging from the saddle, and others by feeling 

 tlie saddle, the harness and fittings or the crupper. 



The cavesson is usuallv effective with all horses 

 as it acts upon the brain ; the seat of intelligence 

 and will. 



