THE MIKD OF THE HOESE 43 



uear an object of fear i.s tlie best means of per- 

 snading him to do likewise and tlie best method 

 of removing fear wlien others fail. 



The iron cavesson wliich is made to work by 

 the lonnge has the greatest effect npon the horse if 

 his nature is not incnrablv refractory, as the blow 

 on the nose is transmitted to the brain. This pro- 

 duces an impression upon him because it gives a 

 shock to the brain, wliich is the seat of ideas and 

 will, and because it prevents him from turning his 

 croup to us and attacking us with his heels, and 

 because he cannot free himself from our restraining 

 power by running away. 



He understands naturally threatening gestures 

 and punishments and is afraid of tliem; menacing 

 him with the whip by showing it to liim and stri- 

 king him with it, stimulates him to motion and 

 causes him to run in the direction opposite to that 

 whence he is threatened or struck. Threats, aids 

 and punishments with the whip employed at a 

 suitable moment are of great value; they result in 

 giving him the idea that we are superior to him 

 and this effect is so much the greater if it is asso- 



