THE MIND OF THE HORSE 47 



forming this action brings him punishment, i. e. 

 pain, and this gives him the idea of not performing 

 the action so as to avoid receiving pain. The special 

 effect of the aids and punishments serving to excite 

 him to motion are the principal means of instruction 

 as by their help it becomes possible to collect him 

 and get him in liand and thus to master him. The 

 term inmishment includes threats. Threats are pu- 

 nishments in a weak degree. 



Punishment produces both fear and aversion and 

 as aversion impairs the harmcmy which sliouhl exist 

 between the horse and man, soon after tlie punish- 

 ment lias been administered, and sometimes almost 

 immediately after, it should be counteracted and 

 effaced from the horse' s memory by the conciliating 

 voice and bv caresses. This must be done with 

 special attention to the particular nature of the horse. 



How to act on Jiis inind and feeling^-. 



The mind and feelings of the horse may be 

 acted upon by giving him sensations and associa- 

 tions with things calculated to call forth in him 



