62 THE MIND OF THE HORSE 



requires liim to turn; or to desire to turn aside or 

 backward a\ lien man or the rider does not wish it. 



By the term making reactions I understand the 

 counter-actions of the horse with which he responds 

 to the actions of the man or rider, that is to say, 

 to their aids and punishments. 



The reactions of the horse against his rider 

 consist in rearing, throwing up the croup, jumping, 

 bucking, running away. 



If he reacts against the aids only and not against 

 the punishments, the degree of mental opj)osition 

 is not great, but it is great if he reacts against the 

 punishments. These reactions may be carried out 

 with more or less strength and cunning or even 

 Avith the purpose of throwing or injuring the rider. 



Oppositions and reactions indicate that the horse 

 does not feel obedience to man or rider or feels 

 enmity. This may arise from many reasons. From 

 not desiring to advance ; from his having no respect 

 for the aids and punishments employed to make 

 him advance; from fear of objects; owing to the 

 fault of the man or of the rider. Also from injuries 

 to his mouth caused by the liand; from choleric 



