HO^V THE HORSE LEARNS 71 



and time (or succession) whicli accompany, or whicli 

 are associated with an action or a deed, and which 

 made an impression on their senses of sight, hear- 

 ing, touch and smell. This learning is easier if 

 the actions or the circumstances which are asso- 

 ciated with the thing to be learnt are more con- 

 sjjicuous, and therefore make a greater impression 

 and if they are associated with a pleasure <n- a pain. 



We have also learnt the reason why the thunder 

 is caused by the lightning, but the horse cannot 

 attain to this. He stops at the mere association, at 

 the simple fact of th(^ two things being associated 

 with each other and very often erroneonsh thinks 

 that of the two things, however iissociated, one is 

 the cause of the other, although it is not. 



If he is afraid of an object and refuses to pass 

 it, and is therefore punished, he associates the 

 punishment with the object which inspires him 

 Awth fear, and on seeing ancAv the object which 

 made him afraid, expects to be punished again, 

 because he has associated the punishment with that 

 object, and believes the object to be the cause of 

 the punishment. Owing to having been beaten in 



