HOW THE HORSE LEARNS 89 



pied ^^ith sometliing- else stopping again each time 

 he begins to pay attention to us or to listen. 



Tlie vice of backing on our appearing before 

 hiiu, on our attempting to pull him forward, is due 

 to its liaving l)een attempted to pull liim forward 

 by main force, or to his having been ill-treated or 

 punished by someime standing in fi-ont (if him lie- 

 cause he would not go forward thus giving him an 

 association contrary to coming forward. This is c<m- 

 trary to the most elementary step required in his 

 teaching, \vhicli is that of going forw ard, of follow- 

 ing, feeling himself invited to advance ))y pulls at 

 the reins or lounge intermittently. 



I remember a rider whose horse sto[)ped and 

 refused to go because he ill-treated him in the 

 mouth with tht^ hands. AVhen the Inn-se stood still 

 he did not punish him. He punii-hed him instead 

 with hands and spurs Avhen, after a while, he started 

 again. That rider did not understand that by doing 

 this he told the horse that to stand still was good 

 and to go on was bad. 



The horse learns to throw up his croup and 

 kick on being touched witli the spurs from seeing 



