90 HOW THE HORSE LEARNS 



that his rider does not know how to prevent him 

 by promjitly giving raising aids with the hand and 

 from the fact that the spnrs cease to be applied 

 when lie tlirows up liis croup. Thus the horse learns 

 that by throwing up the croup he causes his rider 

 to cease applying the spurs. 



For many horses the fuct of having heen afraid 

 of an object and having heen lynnished or hurt 

 before it once onlv suffices for them to remember 

 it always and always fear it, and to tliink that the 

 re-appearance of the object will cause the recur- 

 rence of the punishments or the evil experienced. 

 Eor this reason they should not be punished in the 

 presence of an object which frightens them and 

 care should be taken that tliev should not be hurt 

 by any object. 



Another most important rule in teaching and 

 managing horses is not to use continual physical 

 force in order to compel them to perform any mo- 

 vement, as this inspires them with great fear and 

 at times depression, and excites them to revolt, and 

 if owing to superior physical force they are com- 

 pelled to 3 ield, they readily understand that when 



