104 HOW THE HORSE LEARNS 



sired to make he is threatened with a loud, short 

 and angry voice sound eh ! and by gesture, and 

 to this is added a punishment if necessary, and thus 

 he is given the idea that the performance of such 

 an action produces threats or punishments for him, 

 i. e. the threat of pain, or pain itself. 



The association of the conciliatory voice sound 

 oh ! of a kind look and caresses, i. e. of j)leasure, 

 with an action he performs means to him approvaJ. 



The association of the short angry voice sound 

 eh ! of menace, or of a punishment, i. e. pain with 

 an action he performs, means to him dimpproval. 

 He easily remembers it and at times once onh' is 

 sufficient. 



When the horse performs a movement we wish 

 him to perform he must be immediately made to 

 know that he does well by doing so, by our signi- 

 fying approval with a conciliatory voice sound, a 

 kind look and caresses. 



When the horse does a movement we do not 

 wish him to do he should be immediately made to 

 know that he is not doing well by so doing, by 

 means of a sign of disapjn-oval, by a threat, by 



