114 HOW THE HORSE LEARNS 



cause he does many of these things before being 

 taught, and tlien would have to be punished con- 

 tinually and by this means we should make him 

 take us for enemies and he Avould become despe- 

 rate and revolt or would become accustomed to the 

 punishments and these would no longer produce 

 any effect on him. On the contrary many things 

 must be tolerated and allowed to pass. The punish- 

 ment should be a rare shade bringing out into 

 greater relief the light of caresses. His seeing that 

 when he obeys he is caressed gives greater value 

 to the rare punishment, and diminishes the effect 

 of producing aversion inherent in punishment. 



The associations of jjleasure or airproval 

 should follotc immediately on the action jjcrformcd 



and reqtm'cd to be 2)erformed, and the associations 



of 2^ffi'i^ or disapproval should follow immediatelt/ 



on the action performed and not required. 



He would be unable to understand them if these 

 associations were given some time after, and after 



