HOW THE HORSE LEARNS 115 



other things had happened. If thunder were heard 

 some time later, and after other things had hap- 

 pened, the horse Avouhl not be able to associate it 

 with the idea of lightning, would l)e unable to 

 understand tliat lightning and thunder involve an 

 idea of succession, of cause and effect. This is the 

 reason why the association of pleasure should al- 

 ways follow immediatelif on the action performed 

 and required to be performed, and the association 

 of pain immcdiafely on that performed and not 

 required. The i>unisliment being associated Avith 

 his action which he is not desired to perform, his 

 action comes to be regarded by him as the cause 

 of the j)i^wi'*'lii^^iit? and in order not to receive 

 the punishment, which to him is an evil, he con- 

 ceives the idea of not performing the action which 

 gave rise to tlie punishment. 



Many persons do not punisli the horse who has 

 performed some bad action whilst on horseback, 

 and puiiish him after they have returned home. 

 The cases a\ ill be verv rare in whicli the horse can 

 take these punishments for punishments. He will 

 almost alwavs take them for ill-treatments without 



