HOW THE HORSE LEARNS 117 



being threatened from behind by a whip, and so 

 he learns to go forward. 



Whilst he makes this movement of coming for- 

 ward, we associate with it a given sound of voice, 

 and he learns that this sound of voice means that 

 he is to go forward. He could not be required to 

 understand the sound of the voice given as a signal 

 or an order to advance without it having been first 

 taught him in association with the intermittent pulls 

 on the lounge which draAV him forward simulta- 

 neously with the aid of the whip which threatens 

 him behind. 



I repeat here what I have said elsewhere that 

 voice sounds necessary in teaching should be dis- 

 continued when the instruction is complete. 



Signals and aids should be used which are un- 

 derstood by his intelligence. He does not understand 

 words, but understands the various sounds of the 

 voice or other special sounds associated with dif- 

 ferent things and different movements. The same 

 aids of anv kind, the same sounds of the voice 

 and the same punishments should always be asso- 

 ciated with the same actions so that he may re- 

 member them. 



