144 HOW THE HORSE LEARNS 



val must be shown by the conciliatoiy voice sound 

 and by caresses, in order that he may understand 

 that he has done what was required of him. 



3. A sign, sound, gesture, is associated with 

 the movement which he performs and so he learns 

 to perform it at that sound or gesture. This asso- 

 ciation can be given simultaneously with teaching 

 the movement which must be repeated at intervals 

 (so as not to annoy the horse) in order that he may 

 learn it thoroughly and, if he refuses to repeat it, 

 threats or even punishments may be used to give 

 him the idea that by repeating it he avoids punish- 

 ment. In many cases the sign, the sound of the 

 voice by which it is intended to teach him to do 

 the desired action, are used also when giving rise 

 in him to the idea of it, and when first compel- 

 ling him to execute it. 



These three things should be done in their or- 

 der as above. He cannot be taught to make the 

 movement before he has conceived the idea of it. 

 It cannot be required that he should perform the 

 movement at a given sigyi before he has learnt how 

 to perform it. 



