146 HOW THE HORSE LEARNS 



to stop and stand still on being opposed by the 

 lounges, which prevent him from advancing, at 

 another given sound of the voice which it is desired 

 to use to make him stop and stand still. 



The act of advancing on being drawn forward 

 and at a given sound of the voice is taught in this 

 way. By gentle intermittent pulls of the lounges he 

 is invited to advance, being in the meantime threa- 

 tened behind with the whip, and at the same time 

 the voice signal, at which it is desired to accustom 

 him to start, is repeatedly given. He may under- 

 stand his being pulled forward to mean that he is 

 desired to go forward, but he may object to it. 

 The threat with the whip behind gives him the 

 idea of going forward and induces him to advance 

 because by advancing he flees a fain with which 

 he is threatened or which is inflicted behind and 

 which is represented by the whip. 



When he comes forward, the fact of ceasing to 

 urge him to do so by pulling him, and of ceasing 

 the threat with the whip, while we caress him, 

 and give the conciliatory voice sound, shows uj)- 

 proval of his coming forward, of his coming to us. 



