148 HOW THE HORSE LEARNS 



has given liim the idea of advancing, but perhaps 

 gave him also the idea of violence, of his being 

 compelled, and the idea of resistance. The whip 

 behind has contributed to persuading him to exe- 

 cute the action of forward motion by giving him 

 the idea that it is good for him to go forward in 

 order to avoid being struck behind with the whip 

 (which is for him an evil) and has induced him 

 to perform the action of going forward. 



The association of the sound of the voice which 

 has several times accompanied the forward motion, 

 has taught him that this sound signifies that he 

 is to advance. The association of the whip shown 

 him from behind, which is a thing he understands 

 naturally, has served to induce him to go forward 

 at the voice signal which alone he could not 

 understand. 



As in drawing him forward we also advance 

 and present ourselves to him sideways, he thus 

 learns that our standing sideways to him and ad- 

 vancing are signals to advance. 



As in making him change hands, whilst he is 

 moving in a circle led by the lounge, he Avas made 



